PRELIMINARY TEST: SALT ANALYSIS a) State : solid or amorphous. b) Colour: colourless or mention the colour of the salt. 0 See c) Solubility : water dil HCL dil HNO3 Cold hot cold hot cold hot IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL- GROUP-1 Experiment Observation Inference ‘a)Salt + dil HCI, pass the | Brisk effervescence | Carbonate ion (CO;”) gas through a test tube | liberating colourless | may be present. containing lime water. |and odourless gas | which turns lime water i milky. | 1 bp Salt + dil HCl(or Colourless vapours with ‘Acetate ion (CH3COO™) dil H2SO.) vinegar smell may be present. GROUP -2 Experiment Observation Inference ¢)Salt + conc. H2SO4 Colourless pungent smelling gas which gives dense white fumes with a glass rod dipped in NH,OH. Chloride ion ( Cl) may be present. | i i d)Salt + conc. H2SO4 White fumes followed by reddish brown pungent fumes. Bromide ion ( Br’) may be present. e)Salt + conc, HSO4 + paper balls + heat. Reddish brown fumes are evolved. Nitrate ion ( NO3) may be present.GROUP -3 Experiment Observation Inference Salt + water + barium | White ppt is oksained, | Suiphate (SO,” ) may chloride solution. be present. To the above ppt + dil Ppt is insoluble, SO,” is confirmed. HCl. on CONFIRMATORY TESTS- Observation Inference Experiment a)Test for carbenate i i)Salt + water + heat, Pass the gas produced through a test tube containing lime water. Lime water does not turn milky. Group 1- CO” is confirmed. b) Test for acetate ion- i) Salt + ethanol + conc. H2SO.(few drops) + heat. ii) Salt + water + neutral FeCl; solution. Pleasant fruity smell Red colouration which turns to brownish red ppt on boiling and the cooling. Group 1- CH3COO™ is confirmed. CH3COO “is confirmed. c)Test for chloride ion- i)Salt + KzCr207 crystals + conc. H2SO, (few drops) + heat, Pass the orange . vapours into a test tube containing NaOH + lead acetate. ii)Salt + water + AgNO3 solution. Orange red vapours are evolved. Yellow solution is obtained, Yellow ppt is obtained. Curdy white ppt which is soluble in exzess of Group 2- Clis confirmed. Clis confirmed. ammonium hydroxide. d)Test for bromide ion- i)Salt + water + chlorine water + carbon tetra Orange red globule is formed. chloride (CCl,). Group 2- Br is confirmed.[iijsalt + water + AgNO3 | solution. { Pale yellow ppt which is sparingly soluble in ammonium hydroxide. Bris confirmed. e)Test for nitrate- i i)Salt + water + ferrous | sulphate crystals(in | equal amount as salt ‘ solution) + conc. . H2S0.(few drops) alon | the side of the test | tube.(without shaking). A brown ring is formed ‘at the junction of two liquids. Group 2- NO3 is confirmed. f)Test for sulphate- i)Salt + water + acetic | acid solution + lead | acetate. | To the above ppt + | saturated ammonium acetate. White ppt insoluble in saturated ammonium acetate. Group 3- $0.’ is confirmed. IDENTIFICATION GF BASIC RADICAL- Original solution (0.S)- salt + solvent.( check the solubility of the salts in any of the solvents- distilled water, dil or conc HCI or dil nitric acid-hot or cold). Experiment Observation Inference 1)Salt + dil NaOH solution + heat. Colourless pungent smelling gas which gives dense white fumes with a glass rod dipped in conc. HCI. Group 0- NH,” may be present. 2) 0.5 + dil HCI White ppt Grou 1- Pb” may be present. | 3)0.S+dilHCl+H,S. | biack ppt Group 2- Pb™ or Cu?*may be present. | 4) 0.S + NH.CI + NH,OH i (excess). Gelatinous white ppt Group 3- Al may be present. | {5) 0.5 + NH.CI+ White or flesh coloured Group 4- Zn” or[ NH,OH+ H2S. ppt Mn**may be present. 6) O.S + NH.Cl + White ppt Group 5- Ba’, Sr” or NH,OH+ (NH,)2COs, Ca**may be petbent! nee + NH,Cl + White crystalline ppt | Group 6- Mg” may be 1,OH+ resent. Nap HPO. i CONFIRMATORY TESTS- Experiment Observation Inference Group 0- a) Test for ammonium- O.S + Nessler’s reagent + NaOH(In exces:\. Brown ppt is obtained NH, *is confirmed. Group 1- b)Test for lead Pb** - Pb**is confirmed. ji) O.S + potassium chromate( K2CrO.) d)Test for Cu**- Test tor tu - i) O.S + NaOH solution ii)O.S + KalFe(Cl)e] Pale blue ppt insoluble in excess of NaOH solution. Chocolate brown ppt. i)0.S + KI Yellow ppt ii) O.S + potassium Yellow ppt Pb** is, confirmed. chromate( KzCrO.) Group 2- ~ c)Test for lead Pb** - i)O.S + KI Yellow ppt Pb**is confirmed. Yellow ppt Pb** is confirmed. Cu**is confirmed. Cu’* is confirmed. Group 3- e)Test for Al*- i)O.S + dil NaOH, To the above ppt + dil White gelatinous ppt, Ppt dissolves in excess AP*is confirmed.NaOH(excess), To the above clear solution + NH,CI (boil and cool it). ii)O.S + blue litmus solution + NHaOH ~ of NaOH, White ppt reappears. A blue floating mass is formed. AP is confirmed. Group 4- f)Test for Zn”’- i)O.S + dil NaOH ii) O.S + Ka[Fe(CN)] g)Test for Mn?*- i) O.S + dil NaOH. * White ppt soluble in excess of dil NaOH is formed. Bluish white ppt White ppt which slowly turns to brown colour. Zn** is confirmed. Zn?* is confirmed. Mn” is confirmed. Group 5- h)Test for Ba*- i)O.S + potassium chromate( K2Cr0O,). ii)FLAME TEST- Salt + conc HCI(few drops to make a paste) is exposed to flame using a glass rode. i)Test for Sr?"- i)O.S + Ammonium sulphate (NH,4)2SO4 + scratch the walls of the test tube using glass rod. ii)FLAME TEST- Salt + conc HCl(few drops to make a paste) is exposed to flame using a glass rode. Yellow ppt Apple green flame White ppt Crimson red flame Ba”*is confirmed. Ba” is confirmed. Sr’*is confirmed. Sr*is confirmed.j)Test for Ca”*- i) 0.S + Ammonium oxalate (NH4)2C2O, . ii) FLAME TEST- Salt + conc HCI(few drops to make a paste) is exposed to flame using a glass rode. White ppt Brick red Ca’*is confirmed. Ca* is confirmed. Group 6- k) Test for Mg”*- i)O.S + NHCl + Na,HPO, , scratch the inner walls of test tube. ii) O.S + NH,Cl + (NH, )2HPO,, scratch the inner walls of test tube. White crystalline ppt White crystalline ppt Mg?" is confirmed. Mg” is confirmed. RESULT- SALT ACID RADICAL BASIC RADICAL ._