· ·INTEGRATION J t' I, };

c=J
CJ
I. ,, .. ; ' . .. ,
t. ·1~trodii~tio'nt ·, ·,·,,,.. ·:i, · ,! . 4. ' Some , standard results'·of
', 2. Detinitio'n of integratio1i" ,, i integratfori ' ·. ·i' ..
1 3. Simple rules of integration S. Definite integrals ;·. '
r ·~
,. I 6. Exercise.
I_,
,i • . J,, •

[1. I Introduction l I i
.'
'I ,
.,
The term integration signifi_es sµmrnatio_n. Integral calculus was developed
to find the area under, a curve by dividing
' .. i·' t-
the total are~ into infinite number
'-· l } 'I " .. 'I ' • . I
• ~, 'I~,, • . • ' -~ •.
of infinitesimal small 'areas and theri taking the sum of a\) these areas:To start
w;th we shall discuss integration as a reverse ,process of differentiation.
Integration may be called antideri vati ve. _ ,_ ·\ 1 \. • '. • _;,

We have · r -l: ·••

d ;
- (x2) = 2x -
dx .. /_., ·'.·1 •. 1
J2x dx = x2 ,:
d .
Also .· - . (x 2 +:S) = 2x
dx.
d ..
dx (x2 + .7) = 2x , ·r -} - . ,;

:. J2x dx = x2 + 5 · .' 1
.OR J2xdx =x~+.1 ; ·... ·_,., ,!-. ,,, - :". . ,. I ,r''i'
In general J2x dx = x2 + c, where c is a ~·onstant of integration. f is arbitrary
!
constant. . , ., . · __ 1_,· ·· ·.. , . ;
. Thus J2x dx does not give a definite value ·and hence this integration is
. . ·. . . .

called indefinite integratio_n. ' :i. '." ::•~1,__-:_: 1

I2. I Definition of Integration I

'1 . • · (._\ '
1

"

If g (x) is any differentiabl~ fu_~~!Lo~ of x and if. I

I
•

d ,\.~I ,1'
dx [g (x)) = f (x)
(59) Isc\.'iSTEG U02 l
 _~_ _ ___:_ _~~-----:-:----:-::-----Sta~
then - g(x) ·is called integratiOn of /(JC) with respect; to ·x ~
~>-
1· ·

\ symbolically·it is expr~sed asr/,, :~:: •.l I r'•. ~:~:~;" ;..;

. , .· Jf (x)·dx = g (x) .· · ·. · , ~· '· _
·. _ - ~e process of finding'integral of a functio~ is cal le<) integrat_ion. Here M
[ \~.call~foteg"£8~~--nd g (x) fllS\Jlieg"r8( The symbol lik~ t~!l_11 isi~ f,i~
of the word sum~ation and j dx . repre~ent~ - mtegraJ1on ~it~
: respect to x. --~,·r:·, . ;, 1 .• f :, ... · , ,, . i;;;; 1 : ,-. ,, .. , · · ·•hn · -•. , .i: \ >
:l •1+ ,:
,11, !, ,I 3. I Simple rules of Integration :] __ _ .,......,..._ _ -- ~ -~
k1s·,t'consfant'•. -
-~···•-·.,a:,....,~----·~--,~- ·-~. -- --:_ ·.=·•~w
' I., '

... ,.,~-(1) -. .. If
- , Jkf(x) dJC ~rft_x)-dx ,., i ·. \. '. LL,..;,,_'; >•:·~,i I i ·,
,;·.-.
1
:J I
}·
·i:i . .,
jj
L" (2) ·l /[f (x) ± .g (x)] dx =·· Jt(x) dx ± J'g·(x) tJx L ,
·• _I _ J • • • t • I ' • f
~! Ii ·», )fj r
I
!' 4. Some standard .results of lntegr~tlon : r ~' t ; · i

I
I
· ...L.. (1)
, x"dx=
,.:_i ~. . !,- ; ;;., t A;;.
+,l ·.·,:'1.,J,' o,>u.\, ;_r,_\\':;,·<;,,; ·.,,,,.:,1,
n+l+c ' · .. v,·_.
J; :-1.:l 'rJ/ ·1 1

1
'
r 1 ·.•,.·:
::.:,,1,,n::;t.,1rrn;u·),!f;.,J' ,,,,···. •(· '• I
:t
f
I
I
I . , (2) Jhb- = +. x c .. .

\ (3) JeXdx=eX+;
.
i •
I
l,
- ·ax+b

1 .:
(4) J eax+b dx = .e ,·
a
+ C
;
,

'
" 'i
•-'
], i
! ,.
'. (5) Jtr dx . •:;: + C ·--: ' ( \ ' : .r.\,
;.! \ \

I'
I.
r,i
' amx+n
; i

(6) f amx. f" , '

+ nd,x =
; _f · • \. i
. m. log,.0
I I_ f • • • .. ; "'·
+c
; • • j :; / ..• • ::.

(7)
. '

(8)

' r
\ t

• I

.' .

L 111111
. Integration 61
Illustration l : Find the values of the followi~gs :

f
Ans.: - .
f ,Ix dx, f
x2 ~• dx, f dx
. f .. . X2 +I , . ,
x2t1x ·= - -. +•' c= ·- ·+c ,1 -·. -· · , ,
XJ i ·:

· · • 2+1 ,. 3 .
1+1 ; .
- } '- 3 (

.
1
2
·x 2 2
J r::
. -yXdx
=
..!.+1
+ C = - .· X +
·3
C

2 ,,I

J 1-. . x-2+1. . . I - . .,.

+ c=--+c
x2 dx =_-2+1 .., X

f tJx. =_f
f '

J dx = X _+ ,C ·, j '., I
 Illustration 5 : Evaluate the followings : , . ,
if, (i) f (Sx + 8) 20 dr di) (x + 7)i7 ;dr,,,_, ,Oi~) f (2 - 7x)4 ax
Ans.:
. . (5x+8) 21 (.5 ;+ 8)2
. 1 _ .r
J·
•,
(i) (Sx + 8) 20 dx = - - - - = ,. · +c '·,
5 ·x 21 · · 105
. + . = ·- - - +
·(x+7)·1s .
(ii) J (x 7)17 dx
18 ·
c

(iii)
·f · .
(2 '- 7x)
(2-7x)5
4 dx =, _(,::- ]) . + C = -
(2 ::...7x)5
, +C
' '
5 -~ .
' .. 35 . \ .
IJ,; 1egr&t10n . 83'
• IJJustration 39: The marginal cost_f~ncti~n ~f ~anufact~ri~gx units
2
. is 6 + !Ox- 6x • The total_cost of prod~cmg a·pa1r of-two umts 1s Rs. 12.
1

Find the total cost function and average cost function.

I I ).~ , I .,. ' .. ; I
·- ,~'-' _!_ i_ • .•
de ''-·
·Ans.: Here MC = - = 6 + IOx - 6x2
dx ·
... ·C = J (6' + IOx .:._ 6x2) dx C~:. f_ .-:
= 6x + 2 - 2x3 + K' . ,: 5x . '

Where K is ,a constant of integration . I ! '.,.. -~ ...

.i ' : ·• ·· '' · : ,? , ' \' I ,'" ( .... . :: / :, ,; ··;r,;,_:· !f;'' I ·:t: :·-;. iH!\ ; /: f ' ,,:;i ·;-,· '
. 1 ,- ,N~_w}y~en,,~- =::= 21 ;Total .~ost,_C =J2 .1•., : , ;; ,. : . ·!l d ·:·,'.,·; :_ .,,;
. · .-.'12;; ·6 (2) + s·c2P- 2 (2)3 + K ., .' 1
,. 11 1 11
.·. 12 = 12 + 20 - 16 + K
:. K = - 4 ' . ,' \. I, < 0 + d' ' - h i~) :_ : ,' ,1 ! ·,1•:,1 ), ,, _, i' '. •,;

:. The total cost functibn is

'3 , . : ,. [;,.;_··, l)f
C = 6x+ 52 X - 2x -4 . , · •·... 1' • . •

x·
.
0

'= 6 + Sx<....:r2x2 ·:-.:1. ~ ":.' j' :• 1.U [ - :J.JJ,'.') (' -~ -i /'i.J') !l; i't· °J:.'TJ ;., i( ; ,-
' Xl
 .Jf,. Illustration·41.: If marginal ~o~t func~ion , is 200 - 2~x. ~.2 x 2 a114 t,
fixed cost is Rs. 800, find total cost ~unction,'. Also find average coat
1 1
function. ' ' # '

J(200 - + 0.2~2) dx
1
Total cost fonction = 20x ·'

x3 ,·11 , . )j •

= 200x -. IOx2 + 0.2 -3 + c , · r ~. l •• •)

h is given that when x;, 0, total cost (i.e.- fixed 'cost) 'is·•Rs! 800 .. · 1:
800 = 200 (0) - 10 (0) + 0.2 (0) + C .•
C =-800

1
:. Total cost function ;,, 200x - I 0x2 + ___:_ x 3 '+' 800 ·
15

Illustrati~n 42: If the marginal cost(MtV~t a n: m-is)2 + +"Jx

and if the fixed cost is 7 find the total cost. .,,.
Ans.: . ,\ ·: ' ·'· :, ~ kl
1

.
J
Total cost C = · MC dx
1ir1,·· ,· 1< .·.

f(2 +
. ' ,... :, I
1
1
Total cost C = 3 +~ ~Yd.x~' : . •

. . . . ,I

'. ; i" ', !_ 3/2 , . , ,' ' ? I

' 3x,
2 '· I XI/~ · I 'c 1 I a
I l.. = x+-- + 5 - - + C '
. 3/2 1/2 .
1
• , ! I\ ·1 I
= 2x + 2x3f2 + ioxl/2 ; C I 't ''.

-I.
--
1
I

Integration 85
_. When, x =_0, c = 7. __ ,. ·
:. 7 = 0 0 + 0 +' c ·; ,. +
:. C = 7 J'WL. f _1 .

. . :. Total cost function =2x + 2x312 +I6x 1/2 .f. 7 .l ...

I ·, • '

j. · Illustration 43 : The marginal c~st of production of a firm is given by

=5 +0.13 x. F~rther, the marginal revenue R' (x) =18. Also it is .
0

C' (x)
;given that C (0) = Rs. 120. Compute the maximum profit.
; .i Ans. : _Here
I •
c'(x) =: 5 + 0.i3 x '· ,; ,
I
1 1!, •"""
.,- •• • I I ' I l
1
. .. I

! ' · de •
. . . : .. dx .=5 + OJ3 x
1
. . ,.
I / , r , 1
$ i -~ ' • 1 r
J
1 ( ' 1 \

2
dc ·: x ·
J
:.C·= -dx= (5+0.l3x)dx=5x+0.J3-+K ,
. ( t 2 l - -. ; ·
i J.
, ,, dx : , ,. ~-
I; t .. ... ' . -;· : • .·,· I a
Where·- ~ is 1 co~sta-nt: \j I_ . • :.

.
1 I ')
-When
. I
x = 0, C = 120
:i. ' • ·,;;
- , • "._ JI j I L. I (·1 ; _ - l
j
.t
. :. 120 = 0 + 0 + K i.e. K = 120
·1 r .. \ . ' .(
fr. ( : . ', r I 1 ) i_ ii

I
t. f •
·, I. - .. I
. I
,. ·l

.
r
:-, r, l ., ~' I •

' '