CV493: DESIGN OF
STEEL STRUCTURES
Presented by Wayne Areki
WEEK 1 LECTURE NOTES
The University of the South Pacific 1
Week 2 Lecture 1:
Basic Properties of Steel
Presented by Wayne Areki
The University of the South Pacific 2
Basic Properties of Steel
• For Stress up to fy
• Steel behaves elastically
• For Stresses in Excess of fy
• Steel deforms plastically
• Yield plateau following strain hardening
• Strain rate effect on fy
• fy increases with increasing strain rate.
• For blast impact , impact loading up to 100% increase
• For earthquake loading slight increasing (<10%)
The University of the South Pacific
Basic Properties
of Steel
• 300Q, 350W = structural
low carbon steels.
• 480 = high strength, low
alloy steel
• 700Q = quenched and
temperd steel
• Modulus of elasticity,E is
the same for all types of
steel.
The University of the South Pacific
Basic Properties of Steel
All steel members are subject to residual stresses. These are caused by, for example:
• Uneven cooling of hot rolled sections
• Cutting of edges
• Welding of pieces together
Residual stresses are not very important in design for the
following reasons:
1. They are always in internal equilibrium
2. Their influence on fracture initiation is slight in static conditions and is
allowed for in fatigue design
3. Their influence on design capacity is allowed for in the design of members for
compression and bending
4. They do not show up in the historical record as causing problems
The University of the South Pacific
Basic Properties of Steel
The pattern and nature of residual
stresses varies considerably but in
general
• Cooling and subsequent straitening
are the main cause of build up in
residual stress in I section and are
largely independent of the yield
stress.
• Residual tensile stresses in the heat
affected zone are introduced through
welding and are often equal to the Residual stress in welded section (left)
yield stress of the parent metal. compared to Hot rolled section right (right)
The University of the South Pacific
Basic Properties
of Steel
Strain Ageing
• Steel initially strain into inelastic range.
• Observation of cycling loading and
reloading
• After first cycle the steel shows higher
yield strength but lower ductility.
• This is cause by intertitial atoms e.g N nd C
to lock up dislocations and is referred to
as strain ageing.
The University of the South Pacific
Week 2 Lecture 3:
The Design Process
Presented by Wayne Areki
The University of the South Pacific 8
Design Phases
• Investigation Phase
• Site/Geotech/ Environmental Assessments
• Research of requirements of the statutory
authorities.
• Determination of Loads
• Study of similar building design
• Conceptual design phase
• Generation of structural layout
• Selecting materials for construction
• Constructability studies
• Budget costing of the structural options
• Evaluation of options and final selection
Design Phases
• Preliminary Design Phase
• Estimation of design actions and combinations of actions
• Identification of all solution constraints
• Generation of several framing systems
• Preliminary analysis of structural framework/connections
• Preliminary cost estimate
• Client’s review of preliminary design and reworking in
design in line with the review.
• Final Design Phase
• Refining the load estimates
• Final structural analysis
• Determination of member types and sizes, connection
• Detail design of connection
• Study of the sequence of construction
• Explicit design for two general limit states.
• Limit state = point at which failure to fulfil a specified function is
reached.
What is Limit State Design
• Two general limit states are
1. Ultimate Limit State.
2. Serviceability limit state.
Definitions for New Zealand
Building regulations 1992
For the Ultimate Limit State (Clause
B1.3.1)
Buildings, building elements and site work
shall have a low probability of rupturing,
becoming unstable, losing equilibrium or
collapsing during construction or alteration
and throughout their lives.
For the Serviceability Limit State (Clause
B1.3.2)
Buildings, building elements and site work
shall have a low probability of causing loss of
amenity through undue deformation, vibratory
response, degradation or other physical
characteristics throughout their lives, or
during construction or alteration when the
building is in use.
Design for Ultimate Limit State
Ultimate Limit State conditions cover:
• Strength provisions
• Ensuring the structure is stable against overturning, sliding or collapse.
• Control of deformation to prevent material failure or collapse.
• Ductility for fire or earthquake loading.
Selection of ultimate limit state loads:
• Based on probability of exceedance of <=5% over structure design life for
vertical loads and <=10% over structure design life for lateral loads.
• For wind and earthquake typically 500 year return period.
• For fully developed fire similar probability ULS earthquake.
• Load factor >1.0
Design for Ultimate Limit State
Load Structural
Factors Analysis
Step 1 Nominal Loads Design loads Design Action
(or effects) (or effects) (S*)
Clauses Strength
of reduction
standard factor(Φ)
Minimum specified
Nominal capacity of Design Capacity of
Step 2 values & specified
member (Ru) member (ΦRu)
parameters
Step 3
S* ≤ ΦRu
Design for Serviceability Limit State
Serviceability Limit State conditions include:
• Control of deflection (short and long term)
• Control of in-service vibration
• Protection from corrosion
Selection of serviceability loads
• Based on return period of 20 years (approx.)
• Short term (peak) and long term (average)
imposed, snow, wind, earthquake loads
specified.
• Load factor <= 1.0
Design for Serviceability Limit State
General Requirements
• Covered by AS/NZS 1170 set and NZS 3404
Deflection Limits
• AS/NZS 1170.0 Appendix C
• Section 2.4 of HERA Report R4-80
• HERA Report R4-107 for composite floors
In-service Floor Vibration
• Steel Construction New Zealand guidance
• HERA Report R4-142
Corrosion Protection
• AS/NZS 2312 and
• HERA Report R4-133 with both used in producing
• NZS 3404.1: 2009 Part 1 Materials, Fabrication and Construction
