PHYSICS PASSING PACKAGE 24-25 Forefinger -the direction of magnetic field Middle finger-

the direction of current. Thumb -direction of motion or

Physical Quantities unit symbol the force acting on the conductor.
Electric charge coulomb C 5. laws of reflection.
Electrical Current ampere A
1.The angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.
Potential Difference volt V
2. The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point
Electric Power Watt W
of incidence and the reflected ray all lie in same plane.
Electric Resistance ohm 𝛀
6. Laws of Refraction. (Snell’s Law)
Electricity (practical unit) kilowatt kWh
1. The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal to
Power of lens dioptre D
the interface of two transparent media at the point
Formulae of incidence all lie in the same plane.
Ohms law V = RI 2. The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of
Electric power 𝑽𝟐 angle of refraction is a constant for the light of a given
𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹= colour and for the given pair of media. (Snell’s Law)
𝑹
Electric current 𝑽 𝑸
𝑰=
𝑹
=
𝒕
Definitions:
Joules Heating effect 𝑯 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝒕 1) SOLENOID: A coil of many circular turns of insulated
Equivalent resistance-SERIES 𝑹𝒔 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of cylinder
connection is called a solenoid.
Equivalent resistance- 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + 2) ELECTROMAGNET: A strong magnetic field produced
PARALLEL connection 𝑹𝑷 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 inside a solenoid can be used to magnetise a piece
MIRROR formula
+ = of magnetic material, like soft iron, when placed
𝒖 𝒗 𝒇
LENS formula 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 inside the coil. The magnet so formed is called an
= −
𝒇 𝒗 𝒖 electromagnet.
Magnification Mirror 𝒉′ 𝒗 3) RESISTANCE of a conductor: is a property that
m= =−
𝒉 𝒖
resists the flow of electrons.
Lens 𝒉′ 𝒗
m=
𝒉
=
𝒖
4) 1 AMPERE.: If one coulomb of charge crosses an
Power of lens P=
𝟏 area in one second, then the current through that
𝒇
𝒗𝟏 𝒄 area is one ampere.
Refractive Index 𝒏𝟐𝟏 = 𝒐𝒓 𝒏𝒎 =
𝒗𝟐 𝒗 5) 1VOLT:is the potential difference between two
Devices points in a current carrying conductor when 1 joule
Physical quantity Devices of work is done to move a charge of 1 coulomb from
Potential difference voltmeter one-point to the other.
Electric current ammeter
6) SHORT CIRCUIT: when the insulation of wires is
Variable resistance Rheostat
damaged or there is a fault in the appliance the
Laws current in the circuit abruptly increases this is called
1. OHMS LAW: The potential difference, V, across short circuiting.
the ends of a given metallic wire in an electric 7) MAGNETIC FIELD lines-Properties
circuit is directly proportional to the current *They travel from north pole to south pole
flowing through it, provided its temperature remains
the same. V 𝜶 I = => V= IR,
outside the magnet and south pole to north
2. Joules law of heating: pole inside the magnet.
Heat produced in a resistor is directly proportional *They are closed and continuous curves.
i)the square of current for a given resistance, *Two magnetic field lines never intersect
ii)resistance for a given current, each other.
iii)the time for which the current flows through the
The strength of magnetic field, which is
resistor.H=𝐈𝐑𝟐 𝐭 H=heat produced I = current t=time
3. Right-hand thumb rule: maximum at poles. The magnetic field is
Imagine you are holding a current carrying straight strong, where the field lines are close
conductor in your right hand such that the thumb is together and weak where the lines are far
pointing towards the direction of current. Then the apart
fingers wrapped around the conductor give the direction 8) HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT: When
of magnetic field. This is Right-hand thumb rule. current flows through a conductor, heat energy
4. Fleming's left-hand rule. is generated in the conductor. This
When thumb, forefinger and middle finger of left hand phenomenon is called heating effect of electric
are held perpendicular to each other current.
9) EARTHING: Earthing is a wire usually connected to a varying slightly, the apparent position of the star
metal plate deep into the earth near the house. fluctuates and causes twinkling of stars.
10) OVERLOADING can occur when the livewire and the
17) Why is the colour of the clear sky blue?
neutral wire commit direct contact come into direct
contact. The molecules of air and other fine particles in
11) ELECTRIC FUSE: is an important safety device used the atmosphere have size smaller than the
for protecting the circuits due to short circuiting or wavelength of visible light. These are more
overloading effective in scattering light of shorter
12) REFLECTION OF LIGHT: when a ray of light wavelength at the blue end
approaches a smooth polished surface and the light
18) Why is the colour of the clear sky blue?
ray bounces back is called reflection of light.
13) REFRACTION OF LIGHT: When light travelling The molecules of air and other fine particles in
obliquely from one medium to another, the the atmosphere have size smaller than the
direction of propagation of light in the second wavelength of visible light. These are more
medium changes. This phenomenon is known as effective in scattering light of shorter
refraction of light. wavelength at the blue end.
14) DISPERSION OF LIGHT: The splitting of light into its
19) why are danger signal lights red in colour? OR
component colours is called dispersion of light.
15) TYNDALL EFFECT; phenomenon of scattering of why are red lights used to stop the vehicles in
light by the colloidal particles is called Tindal traffic signals?
effect. The red colour is least scattered by fog or smoke
and has longer wavelength.

16) Why do stars blink? 20) ACCOMMODATION. The ability of the eye lens
The twinkling of a stars is due to atmospheric to adjust its focal length is called
refraction of starlight. The starlight on entering the accommodation.
earth’s atmosphere, undergoes refraction 21) far point of the eye:
continuously before it reaches the earth. As the Ans: - The farthest point upto which the eye can see
objects clearly is called the far point of the eye. It is
path of rays of light coming from the stars goes on
infinity for a normal eye.
 21)

DIFFERENCES
CONVEX LENS CONCAVE LENS
*Thicker at the middle thinner at the middle
*Thinner at the edge thicker at the Edge
*Converging lens diverging lens
*bulged surface curved inwards
Real Image Virtual Image
1.can be taken on a 1. It can’t be taken on a
screen. screen.
2. It is formed in front 2. It is formed behind
of the mirror. the mirror.
3. It is always inverted 3. It is always erect
4. The rays of light 4. The ray of light
actually meet at a point appear to diverge from
after reflection or a point after reflection
refraction. or refraction.

Reflection of Light Refraction of Light

When light is 1. when light travels obliquely
incident on a from one medium to other
smooth polished medium of varying optical
surface it bounces densities it changes its
back to same path(bends)
medium.
Convex lens ray-diagram

22)
CONCAVE MIRROR ray diagrams

POAITION RAY DIAGRAM POSITION OF SIZE OF IMAGE NATURE

IMAGE

At infinity At focus Highly Real and inverted

diminished
image

Beyond C Between F and C diminished Real and inverted

At C At C Same size Real and inverted

BETWEEN Beyond C Enlarged Real and inverted

C &F

At F At infinity Highly enlarged Real and inverted

Between P Behind the mirror enlarged Virtual and erect

andF
Simple circuit diagram

Activity: An electric current carrying wire behaves

like a magnet
Take a straight thick copper wire and place it between
the points X and Y in an electric circuit.
The wire XY is kept perpendicular to the plane of
paper.
Horizontally place a small compass near to this copper
wire.
Pass the current through the circuit.
Observe the change in the position of the compass
needle.

ACTIVITY: Magnetic Field due to a Current through a straight

conductor

ALL THE BEST ….

GeethaKoustubha… GHS Yantaganahalli