= Sloslaoar Wl pHy doH : GpectowS Copy and Focuwrex opites Unte 3: Prepogaiven of dight tp an anisotnepte enue Consider EM Wave progaten én an Amt otxopPc Atlectsdc Mecltum. 1PHb a e (hen wt) % PCR - Ot) He we D- Rel K - wt) Be Bo ct (Kit we) whote, Fo, Ho, Qo, By ane fodependent oy Space And Hes te sepresents the propogaton Vectot of the Wave and co angelar prequency ,The Wave Velockty and Wave HepioctPve &ndex ane 9Pven by Zc Vip = 2 = kK hy @ K= Wn, c Hore, dt uke Our obfecerve do determene the Potash Value, My why Wave Pstopa ates thovou, 4 an of prropag g antsobuwpro medPum , MKT £0 the absence of Cusents Cie Joe), Equateon become Mascweu' g Cel "9 VxE = -908 _ pap _ POO Ny H Ot { Sece 0. = wo) and Ot VxH = OD = ~-p6 Ot Chore medtum & non Magnetre ) Now, df Ee Fo exp [it (kw cot) J th i c . Cvxe), = GOFz - Oy ¢ az —————— ET—————————=— : ' 1 Chit wt) = Ciky Fy, PK, Foy ye : i Cky E, - KeEy ) & CK XE), oes thus VXE = Blkx E) PO Ly H So / Ck XE ) CON» VxH = @Ckxu) Iwo > 2b CHxk) (a) the above Equateons Show that H & a vteghs angly tok, F and © Cle en the Same plane) ard b & at vught oS 9 at vught angles tok, | cubs +4 teatong for H. We oe B= +—flexedxn] eee cy. ) CO" Lo C714 CKEVK Th Pe) : : : te pe LE- CéeE)eT WO? Lo nN, Le- eye] C7llo Whore Ee ke Heprcsen ts the Ong k ar nmr ey Veckst along k.So a SUE eer Srnce kn materal medfum. Q, = br Fae = 6 Ex one LL Ny. ee ee Kae Chic Ee + Fy ky 2 nN, " +E) Gence ctz +. , We have fet the X~- Component uo Eo (7 _ Kj a kK?) Fy + Ry ky Fy -+ koe KE =O ng whoig Ke + Ky +21 CSence eb Q Unit Vector) may xt Yh z Gompenenis W¢ have 2 MN 2 4,2 = Ma ky Fe 4 (3 7 Kee Ke) Et ky E, Kz + © h Ke ky Ex t ky k, Et (% ~ Kee - Ky ) E =o No Te - Kg - Ke Ky Ky kee Kz ne > Z Pe ke Kt Ky Kz , koe Ky ne . My te Ee k Ki Kr ky yY “2 mn W* f° SO, a the SolutPon of the above Eqn. geves us the two alowed Valucs of MI C%e fet Cach denecton o ' propogattn Kx. ky and kz) | ' | THustoiaben ; : t TY Wt Conssden the powpogatforn oy the wane along one of the peeoepal axes - Say along the raxe thus Ke =O. ky; Kez 4 and Equatsons frecther Stmply to: ' 2 : ny “IE : n _— =O —Y -! . | (Spare, (Bo ayee | > ‘ n Eo n? 7 6 and 2 Me - 4 O O mB 2 0 yes | 0 _ ng =0 0 0 Me 2 tohsch Prpltcr re.) (TE - re =0 neew —— gtves only 3 wots fer Pw: y= Thy = Ne NPth Fy=0 = E, Cc- polartsed ave) MN) = Dy = ny with B.=o- 5 CYy- Potartoed hoaw, these ane the & poss Phle polatzcd Wave Moder toough the anrcotoopre medsum, SemPlasuy , fet a wave pxopagatt ng atong tHe L-ank , kas, ky= ke =0 and We have od) Sotuns Ty = Nig = Ny With Ey =0 = Fy Cy -prlaxszed ave) Ee Ny = TI = N, Ath =O= Ey CZ ~ pela psave) Fer Example , Yo Ne Conataley Unfaxtal OY Stat, then Ny =n ‘0, Which Pmple that nar= Digg = And trovele wet same phace Velo ey Via = Voor = Vo. = Ne which Covespond: co the edénaw save Cwper . and y degemenate polwcrzed mode J But N2= Me MIP diy phar Veloviy Vio= Ve = Cc Corstesponc oe { the crctog crliray Nave G2 prlatred Mave) &Ray _ Veloctty and _ ‘Ray euqprocttVve fndex 5 the clrsiect? on of Energy pewpagatfon Cet the Ray Propagatron) kk along the poynteng Vecter S ihech OFven by S=EXH the Ray Nelocthy Cet the Enegy txanimbsee on VelocPty > Vor» be clipsnect ax WEG ce whore, U %S the emongy eras by » Now, us 5 CRE 4B.) = > COE tu. d) Subcthluttng fet H and QB, We Obtatn a= + [CHxk). E +CKxE), “7 ocd = +£4.38 u a ‘ 7 of SG Vio : 7 “wS kc g Cosh Whue 6 wk the angle big Band &. The Ray oteprectf VC endex Ny 9S clipsned Qa Ny = = Cosh = Ml Vn Mio g-elector, / permetve ty Temact - Tn a encay , homogenous 5 Non mognhH9c, am PSo tHopre medeum she have the vielarPons Conpect¥rg the PecopectPong af prlautratten Ath the prwofectfon, my te electafe field! Strength —°M an angcot Hop re Medleum ‘ Re = & X,, _ © Xyy Ey + & X72 E, Ae & Xe Ee 7 & Xy Fy + & Xy, E Pez & Xyxe Ey + & Nyy Ey +&X,, EZ Ry = Er +h FS Xy EF, J Ry = ;, S & Cy + Xo, —@ ®@ % 2%5 —@Eu = & Coy + Xy,) © * the Pormerpvety tenser | cleelectsde tengort. The denstty oY electovrs ee mecdture hohe ee ee oe ° 2 258, =-S ERE E, ry —© Tnte1 changeng the SummatPon 9ndecr CPAP) We can have | OO Was ZH E;F, —~@ tg om Subtxaleng ego (2) prom 6 by Lom? 2c, we have | 0= ey S. C bey - E51) FrE, —@® J Since the peapecthors Ep axe Padependen?, | We Gnuude that Esp _. he the deelectoic tensor & Sym metowe Ee = &t :ere a aT Gpnce HPS + patphive. the quacbiathc 461M on the wths af €aP G) & a 4+Ve clepentte quant¥ry , Ley Us Choose the Vasdahle Mp = Ep NATE) and Replace eqn C1) by the equalhly Z bey Xpxp = 1 —@ ee ' Fan C9) PS 9 quadsatec fom an be sedhuceg to [ Bex eyyr4enz? =] ——o by Qn appropriate o'PentatPon of the @ ~v1l Neue axes, Tn the Syetem oF CotPdnates how the qadwatfe fe1m (9) auume the form Clo) the Perro PEP v Pity fencer FS dvagenat, es = Ex 0 Fgp Cio) deodihey an elltp2ord bo9th peso Cotes “=| a 1 L bhen unguored to the and l Ee —_ Viz Vey VEx — posnuspad ones or” OH) assume the $e1m Rue = Exe Ex Ry S &y Ey BD = &, Ey In geval, Et Ey #E,, the Vectow axe not Cottenean, Fotunel'S Fetmalae for the pewpagatton of cleght_#0 Cxy stale 3. Let UL Constdey Maxmell'$ Soluttons obtarned fet clectuPcatly anrsotowprc medbum. he: Q- reece. ey] dt~ hore, & vepraents the Wave nermas IHOVAECG r | orth phase VelotPey Vp, and Combensng the WP dedectxPo tensor $n pxencspal G-ctdenase ONE System, We have | MEE = WLE- 8, CE.8)] | Ck ty, 2) | | | Ey = 7S, CES) 2 n°. HE, Matesplyeng tess by Sy and addsng the weretting Equattons . E52 + GySy + BS, = 75.0 CES) 4 WSPCES) n?, Hey n> wl Ey + 1S (ES) 2 nr we, @ ee. forse tet 48 Tees wb, Hey 1 WE, [= 5 ie Sy + $2 ee nr we niwe 2 Ue ne oI - Yy n'- ce:is [ae ) #0 nT Mba 2 ec 4 PSP. WP H ty Sy? ne’. HE = Tl. hd ey 4 SD 17824 we, 6? Ee elie 2) n°. He, & rouursply by Cn), H teins out to bp 2 | 7 Se — ~ a e,° i Cn?-ue,) we, Lp —_ -e ps Cn. HEy) + (r? n?, LY, 1 ne, ane DP nrg é) es 2 ' | =O @ 2 > 2 S —& + Y , 8? oe og TT =e nm ow n2 oul Ad To Ex Ey n Hex Hoe, 3 poencpal Veloctt¥cs of Pxopeg aon KPH, Hepect to poerutpal Qe, Que grywee £2 Ge 6 ye cr Vile Vidley Vite By Using CapHesston fot the phose velotly Vp, the above Equattons take the fom at betony, - v, kK Si. CES) 2 2 Vee Vo CK= x%,y,2) and a 2 Se + & + St 26 2 2 2 Vp Vey Vp V, These Equatten¢ vu Eque NLS Equation of Hy Fitom the Valent forms of Fates Ove Nema, Fuesnel's Equatrene hy, fellotsrng Frgorences ¢ ¥ 7 Coy APxect on ¢ teste Phate Veloce tse, Vp. ¢ Can have the Gore pond 9 ly dfneay PrlaxP2as? ong E 2A Velow bea 4 Peopo gate at any Giver cleotect? on.yy 2 cesectPons of the efectorec clesplocement Veckey p Gootespondsng do Q geven cleswectfon of Pro pagatts, S are perpendeculay tv Cach Other , agotowu beimwa fer the Ray MeImale expsre, The fe clone by act Prtey, chamgeng © by E, 8 by 2, m by » we by L o ad §9 Equattoyn C1), = Ny Ne ge a LR-£CR.24)] ee We can have tH. Rule of cluatrty fer the follers, Vaseb abler : E AQ S s C YW /p n bx POE eg be a 7 J Not Ex, by f Ve y Vz ne JE é a Vv Y é Voc vey Vz Peplyeng thes Rwe to Freand Equatren of Nave Nema, we obtarn the Cqua/fen of Ray nevmat2 2 toc + ty t+ = a ik 8 ton Vor Ve V2 ve V2 v3 Tht Be agatn a quadwatse Equation and grve D posceble tay Veloce te, Vay fev cath vay dexectton ¢ Ctx, ty, b), Indes Ulleps ord (=) Ellesposd of wave Reread, Tt & am addr tong, toot Used for Undtoxstonalan the Pxopogaton qY Nave . Pr Onkootsopr medra The Enorgy denes by Qs40 9 6ven by U= Pate Nth an Epy Nave ae ETD 2 In the Prendpal axse System, We hove. Rx Ne Oo oO Ex ky, |= & i a : ®, Oo 0 nN? Ey 2 2 2Th& Favattorn oy the re of @& eleepLord ig, th, G-Hdenati Rx, 2y ond RQ. Ne can WeHsePee Abe, parton 9D the fern. Cas) + GES + Gy a 7 =a4 es — 7. 4 n2 ae 2 PY nz Th& Fquatton aden an ellepSord Pn the Netmales ef @-crd nate, foe fe ps My 9. © | the Sze and Shape J hsb depends only on ty vidvocb ve Prcleccy Nhe, Ny and ne Thebs a: demengeengs eUFplofad ¢ntercecty the Pnoley Pace axes at v= tny, oe » Vz +n, and ac % Z © Cou the Index euepSord of Op Heat Prdle car ~ 9x 2 Clepcopd YF Wave Reétmat. 4 kewrth the afd of upsofd ef Nave natmat, Hecon fend 2 phase velotlte Vp and the 2 chwects mon of WPbyatfon, QD whsh belong to Q gPver KOug neimal denecton g ai Shown Pn the feliowrag Haute. . fb Ray Eluepserd : Alc to the dualfty Rule. say ELL psotd & 2 242 22 Nee? + Py BP +n? yrs 4 Hore, the Central Secten o thPs elleps oral Peupende ~ Calan to a say desvectton A ran cllPpse WPth Cems Orces of dengths pxopev ena) edo the Groruponcl?ng Rasy Velo cles Vor, Oouented on the oD pormissf ble dlesecHt -es cland £" Of the electssc Vectett» Thar, 4, E' and £" fem an et th ogenal touppdet YF Vectoou, _. ~~2 \ poave Neimat Swoace ond Ray Suace 7 X Conseder a poth oD Vectoou Pr of lengths are PO pe onal to the Covres pon ctong & takes en Qu posaPhle AP vtec tPon, Pornts Jive sese to Swyace of 2 Ghells Hrown ac the 19 phase Velo cree, , Such that the ond EMSC Y) Mesos the 61m al Suspoce, x SemPlasty, the end Ports frorn a pexed olEgrn Pn Oe Popo onal cn the ihech geocrater of peset eon vectors plotted QU clexrectfone t, and y Leng thy Corer ponctng Ray VelocPiee Qa 3- sheeted Suryace Caued the R My Surgace le ws Const cer pornts p' and P on the siay ¢ ne1mal Sugacer, Lot 4 and! ot be the Vectoou UT Cprey : mt?ng these Pornts. vis Vt we VS Pathen We Shau chew that Smay Vebwatfon VaK dey ot Un E et BD Psoducer a Change tn the vee ought angle to ot!LE= + [h-tca.] uw nz Subsea turing fet t and ako vaeng Ny = Ain’ > Se = 970 - 1 B01) Ty we x¥ by bes of this equaston Scalaxy by RQ and vse the RdatPon p, n, 7 DPE = Ex Fy CE, + Ey Fy Cy +E, E08 ~Adk we obtarn 2 nCS Ee Wo. Obs fore 400.0) dH. LxO2 Hl NCD) J the termes havtng ahaa poctor Cancel ond be tom mettep lypag dor may be mwehen ay Ody £CCAxtyx RIHence t= Voit du fC Outs ei -O | : Ss. duro shes pmplta that the tangent plore of the vray Swyace a aloays peperdravay co the Griespendeng Nave nNnemal, Opttcal Classryecatron of Cy stals Aight pxwpegatton In Unvomtal cystatr Let US Conssdey the Pound's Equatim of Wave neimals given by 2 D 2d 2 _Vv2 ee Vp - Xy Np ~ “z And can be expressed Pn the ber by the produ ~ct of clenomen atorts, 2 ? Se Cup WIC") + 3 CY - Ved) C¥p?- Vee) +0 HOSS Nps Vu?) (Vp? Vy) = 0:ocho) oystal HOP th optt 1 —_ Unha. WKT foram optoally 2, pn the Z-dhtctton , we have the tonclPton atu = Vy $Me clenotsng Vo fo place of thee Grmmon Veloct ty and V, fn the above eg? vteduca to: a CVp = VEIL OS P42) Cvp- Ve?) +S Ove -S)]=0 J simal & Let © be the angle which the wave nétmal & make ae the Z-ax9S then a | Sy +5, 2 = om?0, SF G78 G ferthor becerver Cue Ve) LCvp = Ve] 91070 + Cvp'- Vi) cos] i =o The two wots of the equation aque given by 12 ye 2 Vp = Vo» Vp = Vy Got? + V°S#070 the above equarten Chons that the 9 Sheu ¥ the peimal Swyace are a Sphoie oY staolrur P= Vo & a Sewace of wrevolutten an Ovalosd.Light pxopegation tn Braxtal eaystals Let US Congeden the Fuesnel's equatvor of Wave naimal given by. B+ Sy + 82 0 2 Z 2 2 2 2 Vp- Ver “Np - Wy \p’- Veamd cam be exprused wn the fem by the Powduct of denomsnatey Se (VB ~ Vy?) Cup VE) + SP Cvp- V2) Cup Vue) +S Cvp Veo.) Cvp*- Ve) a Ex £64 <6.) (Ve > Vy } Vz) St Sz =0, equatton bsreaks gnto tho foctecr, equ gfveng Vee yee yit_ oo Ae ip = , p= WeSy + Ves? We Set \pSy = Yr VpSz =z then r Vp = y*+ z+ and the eqwoteon hecorney 2 2 2, Qy2 Git Zia Mops Oyarzo a Vg 2s Vg ez? Thus the Section of the nermal Swdac by the G-sidenate plane x=0 & Cherele Oval. and andet +4 > Vg) = Vey - VP = vet 2 Vy 2 x“ we axe pospteve because of Vu Vy >V, (Zz oe oe Subsittutten 90 the presnel's Equatten ; wer G24 (9+ Ga) + SP 69442) C9- Fx) + C9-G.d=0 ® q+ L829, 489 C9y- Fee) - $2919, - £9 Ge 92 = 0 Stoce the Gmstant term cannot be pesPteve, the woots of thle cquatfon mest be seas, 9" =~ 83409, £0 < g'20 ond 9"4 6 TY OO ot Ze- dz the tomm on the Lhe MHI be pestteye. Mena bee -@ 7 az = 4 4 Fue § So “9% 49"4o 2 is dS wots 9’ and 9" can be ad om bot He Zo + aye ly wy 7 000 fe" thes, Ale to the above “quater We have Sy = o 2 g , wed, = Bg, Thus W9¢ obtasy Mmeees er cHone S for cach ofnoch the Coorespondlen 9 two Velocetes aye quay, Coopaming thet thee ane oD opHfea) axes oy Pave ndmak pa P& the angie whe ong FY AXIS Makes Lt the Z-dPxect¥on, the Sy = SinB, = SP, where Ale to do the above equation, we have. tang = Sx = + Jf 2. = Mie Ve? Sz G2 Vg Vg? thus the optfe axes aye S¥tuated Sy mmetoefeaty Wot the Z-anxfs, Ths the opt¥C axes axe Ootuated Symmetsica bey Wort the Z-axrs ly #7 the opt Peas May Qocey dn the xz- plane, we have tony = tx = + ' t = Ye tony VePe eee NN Dt Sal tone a Elements 9 _NLO IH dencas matoveal the Relatove clesplacerment of Pesettvely amd negatrvely Charged Paoctteles PropetPena do the rnstantanco ~ Us magnitude of the electoc pid. Fal a Smau Cxrtexngs field, the mag tude y the | dec IPO PelaPza ten oh approxemn ately Lene asly Pouopettfonal to the elects bide! geven by P* &X.E thor, xX ds the elects9c Seuscepeoby ty tensor, hthen the ™Magnttude extenal electxeo fed ke dauge, the trduced polastzatPon ha, q non Len ean Apendence en the dectotc fed and can be expresse -daa pow eo Sure, Weth viespect do the electrefe Budd we. Pi 226 Ya 7 Since p and E axe mot paxatiel Vecttu, we can Show that +e above equarton has tenser form, eo c29 pee cy. P= & (Xp Bt Kigy BEet Nye PE)xz *€ * : of vigroctten, §— x02) pap t 9st TON - Lencax tory Tt & peresent only Pn aq ( medPum Pthout 9nVveuePon Sy mp metoy x pn W Co-ebpecrents Zep got ™Medea 19H onveHy ~ Son Symmetouy, Also we can Bred thot the Y the PotaezatPon om the clecd cluces Source teume at pequenchet Othe, than the Fn cedent Picquencles , Nen Arneay dependence ¥Y the Pelarxkza ton Gnsedey Mascwell'S Cqwatens eng THO CLESCOpP Re mele um V:B= py, VXE = -98 Ot V-B=0 , vxu- Oe +5, Ot With R= GE +p, Be LyH and Gedqodead to pe CVXE) = - He vx Oe ® ~V'E+ (%r) BE = to Op Bt the & the Pnhormogencous Nave cqiateon hPth @ Source tem pxopettonal to BP/a 42. le ECL) = Frexp(-twt) + F cxp Croot) be the electetfo feud 9 the monochsw mate plane . wave poropegattng thewough the ratexfal. Then, Pth Gmponent of the prlaxezatPen can be nowtten ay, ct) 7 cr) Pr / a Xq Ce, CIP (-9eat) + F, ‘exp Ctot)} +x ta CE; exp C-Fwt) + E, exp Crot)) CEy exp (Fat) + Es 0 Ex exp CFot)) + Xena, CEy exp rot) + EY ep Crot) > CE exp C-rot) 4 5, oP CPOE) C E,exp Chad u i ¥ Soccer eee Fuuthor, we havenoe a hae Abs i Prt lh = Xp CE ExpCteot) + Fy Cxptroty 2) 4 Xone CEe E, exp (-Preod) + 5" EY expC h2mt) 4 ¥ ¥ Fr + Ep A J+---.- WRT, Pelt) can be expuessed ¢n terms of Pés Foufor tyandfeim — ppraod) 6 Pred = - ( Prlo) expcrwts deo, V2TT ~oo oO PrCos= L » Ct) (-0t) lt oe Pr exp Then we can Wxkte a) POON = Xap Eyton) S Cay eo") + 36,02 CE Coon) EA Gto yar, coc) ee ee % Where Wy and tm Can be take on the Value, 0 and E' Cw) & the preld Storength A« oFatey Neth Wr. Prcw') & the Source Be an elects bud SseFllaHing HFth prequenay co,—— eT Acnce d hee that the non- lencar a ° ym oe tooduce Lowree pelacteorr, on the electawe pred ¥° Pre dent Ff towns at prequenches Othe; thon the if prequencres , 5 ard fee: ¥ Fe a sengle gnerdent prequency Second vider obeese Pxopetttonal to the Xo tim sntroduc Q Statte Kdd and Counce dum fet Em Wave 19f tb bicquerey Jw, ty HY the pncPdent fed Gntarns 9 brequenay Gornpo > Ments wW, amd coy, then god Cte efpects Prtwwdlurce Source tems fe’ Em wave wee bequenerey “+d, and 105,-Wy I, X Second - haumonke Fvation ghects anc steep ome ~ble fet Sum and cle fporence frequency THISENG , and Optcal viecttLPcaten, ¥ 8d order non . denrean opttcal gentiatfory et decouthed by the XS) tem, the Cxbtbtte pn Cuystale n9PH, 4 Zn the above $toactFons Que DN VeHePOn Sy mm eto , cqP, the X&? tem 5S viesponssbe fe" pews - wave méINg, the Non-Upneax Pnolex of “procton & the Opttcar lemeteng Phenomenon,4 FP general, Wavu WPth dly bieqponea have Ay Prwpogatron Speeds . heght HOP Hh prequenay 2d geney -ated at Some pont p, ¢n the oustal WFll not be fn phate wPth deght vreau, the a Naver porn p, and Po well Potoxpote, Clerstrwctsvely at Serre Povot P3. x To be 9n Phase wth hb rend brequenay clouk “lig, We have a cHrtePen Cate! phase that chsng Cito uy K, CI) = Pky Ceo), then the phate “eloctlta tli bc the Same. .’. feetthor seoluces do 1,.. = Mo. That the phase match $ng cHrtentonl become , vteproctfye Frndesc Cdtufon,. ¥ WE Cam have SatSjoctory Sotutton do this pooblem by using the dependence of the weyroctve Unde on the dlesection #9 ansSotwopro cuystalr, ¥ let Us Gnsedet a pesttsve OUnsaxtal cuystal, @MdI dt the fundamental Prequenuy be the crcl? naxy Wave amd the Setend haymonsc be the ext = Cid enasy wave. Y khen the deseclion of prwpogaiten ox the a often. OC(“*. EET_ ieee Se ee SI agen co that the pndex of vida at cho jundomental ~ clon of the fundamental and Secend bhaxmonse oth wave noel Stay 9 phase, axe the Sart, b etal £S then Sasd to be phare- matched @ The Cty, fndese matched . ThkS CendlsHen Can be oreprcsented by the neimal pave Swiace Sectfons Gf a cxystal gn the pollowrng Begure, : 4 opie ants Zz etderary podey | Swoyoce coy : ok \ 0 ‘ : i goo 5 peel i coh { ( i —— Factsra orl enaxy : fnder Supace Cow)Who tom tree PHYa0H * Fowuu opt*res pow opltcs deght using Fouxt duvebe Fraund and Fraunhofer depporoctFon. The F. Rixptocton pattern de the Fowuu trang - aim af the dtppoctng object. duvebu the propagatPor oF or analysss , Tt Cam be Usted to ¥ Ruvébing emage fe7matton, ¥ Mmodeusng the aboviatfens of an optical. System, Studying the podsimance of dens . Modelteng dippactton pattens andl ight Ko Powpogatten. M optical Lrgnat proceseng . Fouxtey Tuane. ems one~ demenseonas Txons berms — PK 7 FOX) = oJ Feky ee dk oo hore, 00 FCkK) = J fers Cae — COESO FR) = FTL4OOT fin = FTL PUT ; 2 + feo i gee spl Ft 6 "deo -0 : ‘ | Fowey Tanspcrm prepetta : FuncHon a : Trams form fice) 4 4 CK) flxde 4:62) 44,00) FlK)= FCK)+ Ale“ BP 2... hlU6r ee as Tanger of the Gausssan Func Gausstan Prwbabr (rey functfon ks fOr) = Ce-axt Tay SHER J Wistoc Pela Functten: Ne have cS functten etcprtezentatpen pny Foun, Soeguicl Fotm poor PCr 20") Y Cre!) dx!Be a t , -oct). ee Pcx-x') ae naa he "oO te WP th aaa pees Cx) = 7 PRK : om oe i fe") es Sexy = fro'ery lard Pei ee Convoluton theelem t Suppose We have 2 punet Pons $00 ard! gcx) HP th fewer totans fe1m & FT L400) J = FCK) aie FT Lhtx) J = Ck) The ConvolubPon thectem state that & G9= 4@h, iG) = fetige) bay alg ay FLAT © G CK) = FCKIHCRKSthe poeple Undeuyeng Spatal piequency ong based of the oct that the amplttude gectxebutton 9m the bock focal plane of AP abvor eaten dass dens & the Foun toonsperm of the amplttude destewbutton pn the pont focal plore. 5 xn the Hme domasn, Fr Co tHme vauyrng sign) give temperal pequenty ment pp the Sqnal ily the pr ] a Gpattaty Voy PF Sig -nal -Cobfect) 9fvcs the spattal jrequency tontent in the obpect, Cnstder am obfece wrth an ampletudle Varaton of perm _ QTL Ot) = A Cot ( 27 ) passus Spatfal petod C¥a), FT of GésPne ferr ha Sumo & delta furs). ThsS obfect puntPon Produex 9 bssght. Spots #n the bock gocal plane at oer Spatial Fiequeney prlroeerg ™ geneal, the FF Gntenk of the obfect 4 dloplayed pn the back fecal plans,rrage plane —_| fan \ iA ( \ xX a 4 A } a aa AL Ls wh ae » Toekdent>< | *y » plore Pr wave — TH 90%,y) —» Jedd! distsebutton $n the pent fecal plane o Q Ceviected dens Con plame pie then on back fecal plane P2 & the Frl9Cx,y)7 = lx, gy). Hoe Cy Cx, y) & the bd clestsrby ~ Hon wn the bocg fecal plane Pod- TNE S99) exp Loans (3 a ce dy © Gluv) = Hy Sf 900, y') exp LF Cut! +vg') J Ax! dy! eerwho w= 2M and V= 2TY , Fe Cy Curvy. ' Af 4g FTE gtx, yJ, Phuc u and Vv ave LSpatray | prequencts along xX and Y oltrecteons, Examples e : ' t % A plane Wave untedent ndimalty on the Lens rmole -& ger, y) = Constant Pes GCuvs = we JJ exp (-B Cuxttvy') Ase'cly' Now, perm Restiac delta fuectten, | blu) = — i ee Ie! | “oo | We have G Curvy = £90 wT? Suny Sv) M4 where Ju) and tv) Rexac clelta functtens. Senee fluy=0 et U+t0 + We Cam §n tk Zou at au porntes cxcepte Y=0. Th & because g Plane wave Ges focured to @ pornt by a Covrecteo! bee Hat the Préensrh 29 at the pots X=0, dens. ¥ ome- demenseenal (8 Pnusordal bed lectsel ~ baleen tm the obfect plane, Pes I i tees (orl x) goog = = Je gant. Subgertut*rg the aboy whore of ie a Gre we obtarn . +) cquatten fet gtx ys? Gluv) = lat na e pee J e - -P 4 — JS eo oY oly! Fom the Odentiton of Fxoc delta functfon, | We obtarn gtuvi = GTS and + ge f cu ara t+ dh A 3 cureTmas7 dev) ahs we Can have 3 spots eo the hock focal plane | A -Covrespondég do we t2Td § V=O0. pe. a x20, tAfe on the X-anrs CSee feguu) thus the Brequeny aseo vated Lopth the biel dectuthutton on P, & desplayed on plare Po x x¥ 4 the amplt = ACS gle 4) Foom the -al prequenctes a and B percent & ———— jude Vossatten ut of the perro C2relx) + Bes C278 x) above 09? Fmplhes the powerence of © Spare no the Acrolenk pd. We Cam have fou Spots on plane Py Calong the X-axes) at X= FAfa, v=o, FAYPI =O. x Ty we place Stops at the potnts y= tAfed, X=0,y=0 fe; | We block the Spatral prequen yy of thn en plame Ps we WF! have spatral prequency B CFigute), Thus the Spatal pwequency a has been Hfitered out. Thes & the bacec posrctple GY Spartal prepery ptodog. | +> ee co £ Cos 2 Mele +t Gt 217 2c v Or dk Po ha \ | | | | | Ap t is 7 ays °c cpl? 009 0 Ctr px D> Sp 2 YA ol | lan yo plane 4p 4 4 | e+e 4) | Spatial prequencyUnder geomettcal optics appoexematron, the sleng mage the port O at posot Ly whech & ax clpotang d> grven by teste dst dd, the dens torams ferme fotemeng olevergrng Sphvsteal Wave at O Prt a Cnvergeng Sphetcal Nave at ee . phase of the PPComPng eke exp Erk) = exp Pork (xt y24d7)87 9 cap CK ) exp CPR LL) Ids and phase of the Ourgo%rg gfuen Ay 4 exp CPx) exp C PK X74Y7/ 9d ) =Chrbore assume that xiy 22 A, dy ) ZL Pe the pect | then Lens on the Pree, deshubwon, then exp (~PKdl ) exp £- Fe C749) 7 Py = exp C- Fal, ) dent elol exp [- Fa Crer4.92) 7 @ f= expLiKCd,+d,)] exp LECEtE) C24 of) usrng te Lot 4 d, d> and megdecteng the 78+ foctet ’O the above, ne ho, 7 fk P= op lt cxc24.97) ] thus, the tppect Ff a thin dens of fecal uength 4 te to malleply the Pnckdent Held dsstorbutron by the focter Pe: ‘Lens acts as a Fourtor transpermen “al ye8 -{—4, — pi— we Pha TO obtarn the fell tse butron on q boc focay Plane, We sequine the fect Y Propagate on Howuap Space, The fellowsng Puand $ de ppract on CQLab en demonstnates the prdd destutbuteon en 2 grven Plane, amd cam ako Used 40 colons Qt the bid. dsstutbuteon on any other Plone pe, -PRZ 1 : ae : FE G2) = TOT fe 9) cap (Bk Coc~oe'J 2 + Cy- y')?) dee! dy! On Foeedent clestebutten, We can Show that the amplttude dPstutbutren at the hacw fe cat Plane of a dens PS the Spateal Foutey terangperm of the Obpect feed ASHE bat p eq at the front fecal plone, ld UK Greed a bd beets batten foayl oma front focal plane P: CO hc of focal Length y. the fed ™ the Plane Ps de hemg = FON cemie (feerg A te EE POS, +09" 1) d Sly The Hdd ™” Pr 9g though the Lens betomeyvwwur . We Cy'- 9)? JdGdy xexp (3h (x? "9")) thus, the feel on the back focal plane po & — SSSA Dees Cx! oy + Cy'~n)?) x ee lay (ca-4f ~ 29k gery) = a Pen “4 4ey-g'I?) x exp or Cx'*4 4!) dedndz' dy’ m Semple hPcatt on gives ' ~ PRY geeg = eS empl peta |] Sf dgdngcu.n) x els Cot] Sep {-% Lx'*- 20! Cx &)7} dx! x [ exp t- v9 ay" Cyt ns} oly : ~ 2hky = 2D iE mid exp [Ek Coy] ame Le . Be \ = 216 Sf 406-1) exp (OP Carey =Sf de-ongcg.n) x eel OGM TI ws (04 744 od py2e r+ 94nd] glx.y) = fk OM Jue dddn4 Cr, ) explo Ag 0 whe we hove Used the Ruulty o l fe dy 2 (x) exp (HE) - Theifere, Apart prem O Constant phase factor, the ampletude destitbut ton at te boc focal plare ef a Se ae OOO bale theem att en| Exians perm of the Ample tude destourbusren at the prone fecal plane CValuated at Spittal Prequen chet 4 ard YS Ag Applecatten of phase Cmtotas t Me cHescepy Phose “Contoast method oh Ue fet Creating Con trast fom Phase Obgect. ThES method L [ 9 fer Smau phare Vaxtastens # Motos cope. TES method ck Used fet Small Phase bemepeatga, Lb wa ee