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The document provides an overview of calculus, including its key concepts such as limits, derivatives, integrals, and differential equations. It outlines the definitions, fundamental rules, and applications of each topic, emphasizing their importance in modeling and predicting changes in various systems. The notes are intended for educational use and cover essential calculus principles comprehensively.

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14 views4 pages

Calculus Notes Scribd

The document provides an overview of calculus, including its key concepts such as limits, derivatives, integrals, and differential equations. It outlines the definitions, fundamental rules, and applications of each topic, emphasizing their importance in modeling and predicting changes in various systems. The notes are intended for educational use and cover essential calculus principles comprehensively.

Uploaded by

Hesbon Odhiambo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus Notes

By Samuel Okeyo

For Educational Use Only


Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Calculus
2. Limits
3. Derivatives
4. Applications of Derivatives
5. Integrals
6. Applications of Integrals
7. Differential Equations
1. Introduction to Calculus
Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite
series. It provides a framework for modeling systems in which change occurs, and a way to make
predictions about such systems.

2. Limits
A limit describes the value a function approaches as the input approaches a certain point. Notation:
lim(x→a) f(x) = L. Limits are foundational for defining both derivatives and integrals.

3. Derivatives
The derivative measures the rate at which a function changes as its input changes. Definition: f'(x) =
lim(h→0) [f(x+h) - f(x)] / h. Basic Rules: - Power Rule: d/dx (x^n) = n*x^(n-1) - Sum Rule: d/dx [f(x) +
g(x)] = f'(x) + g'(x) - Product Rule: (fg)' = f'g + fg' - Quotient Rule: (f/g)' = (f'g - fg') / g^2 - Chain Rule:
d/dx f(g(x)) = f'(g(x)) * g'(x)

4. Applications of Derivatives
1. Finding slopes of curves 2. Determining maxima and minima (optimization problems) 3. Curve
sketching (concavity and inflection points) 4. Related rates problems (when two quantities change
with respect to time)

5. Integrals
The integral is the inverse of the derivative and represents accumulation or area under a curve.
Indefinite Integral: ∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C, where F'(x) = f(x). Definite Integral: ∫[a to b] f(x) dx = F(b) -
F(a). Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: Connects differentiation and integration, stating that
differentiation and integration are inverse processes.

6. Applications of Integrals
1. Calculating area under curves 2. Finding volumes of solids of revolution 3. Determining
displacement, distance, and work 4. Solving problems in physics and engineering

7. Differential Equations
A differential equation relates a function to its derivatives. Example: dy/dx = ky has solution y =
Ce^(kx). Applications include population growth, radioactive decay, and motion modeling.
End of Notes

Prepared for learning and educational purposes only.

Author: Samuel Okeyo

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