Chapter 7
ENTROPY
Dr. Muhammad Usman Rashid
Objectives
• Apply the second law of thermodynamics to processes.
• Define a new property called entropy to quantify the second-
law effects.
• Establish the increase of entropy principle.
• Calculate the entropy changes that take place during
processes for pure substances, incompressible substances,
and ideal gases.
2
WHAT IS ENTROPY?
Boltzmann relation
A pure crystalline substance at absolute zero
temperature is in perfect order, and its entropy is
zero (the third law of thermodynamics).
The level of molecular
disorder (entropy) of a
substance increases as it Disorganized energy does not create much
melts or evaporates. useful effect, no matter how large it is. 3
4
5
The paddle-wheel work done
on a gas increases the level of
disorder (entropy) of the gas,
and thus energy is degraded
during this process.
In the absence of
friction, raising a During a heat
weight by a rotating transfer process, the
shaft does not net entropy
create any disorder increases. (The
(entropy), and thus increase in the
energy is not entropy of the cold
degraded during this body more than
process. offsets the decrease
in the entropy of
the hot body.) 6
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THE T ds RELATIONS
the first T ds, or Gibbs equation
The T ds relations are valid for
both reversible and irreversible the second T ds equation
processes and for both closed
and open systems.
Differential changes
in entropy in terms
of other properties
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10
ENTROPY CHANGE OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
Liquids and solids can be
approximated as
Since for liquids and solids
incompressible substances
since their specific volumes
remain nearly constant
during a process.
For an isentropic process of an incompressible substance
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THE ENTROPY CHANGE OF IDEAL GASES
From the second T ds relation
From the first T ds relation
A broadcast from channel IG.
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ENTROPY
Clasius
inequality
Formal
definition
of entropy
The system considered in
the development of the The equality in the Clausius inequality holds for totally
Clausius inequality. or just internally reversible cycles and the inequality
for the irreversible ones. 13
A quantity whose cyclic
integral is zero (i.e., a
property like volume)
Entropy is an extensive
property of a system.
The entropy change between two The net change
specified states is the same whether in volume (a
property) during
the process is reversible or irreversible.
a cycle is
A Special Case: Internally Reversible always zero.
Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes
This equation is particularly useful for determining
the entropy changes of thermal energy reservoirs.
14
THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
The equality holds for an internally
reversible process and the inequality
for an irreversible process.
A cycle composed of a
reversible and an
irreversible process.
Some entropy is generated or created during an irreversible process,
and this generation is due entirely to the presence of irreversibilities.
The entropy generation Sgen is always a positive quantity or zero.
Can the entropy of a system during a process decrease?
15
The entropy change of an isolated
system is the sum of the entropy
changes of its components, and is
never less than zero.
A system and its surroundings
form an isolated system.
The increase of
entropy
principle
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Some Remarks about Entropy
1. Processes can occur in a certain direction
only, not in any direction. A process must
proceed in the direction that complies with
the increase of entropy principle, that is, Sgen
≥ 0. A process that violates this principle is
impossible.
2. Entropy is a nonconserved property, and
there is no such thing as the conservation of
entropy principle. Entropy is conserved
during the idealized reversible processes
only and increases during all actual
processes.
3. The performance of engineering systems is
degraded by the presence of irreversibilities,
The entropy change of a and entropy generation is a measure of the
system can be negative, magnitudes of the irreversibilities during that
but the entropy generation process. It is also used to establish criteria
cannot. for the performance of engineering devices.
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ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Entropy is a property, and thus the
value of entropy of a system is fixed
once the state of the system is fixed.
Schematic of the T-s diagram for water.
The entropy of a pure substance Entropy change
is determined from the tables
(like other properties). 18
ISENTROPIC PROCESSES
A process during which the entropy remains constant is called
an isentropic process.
During an internally
reversible, adiabatic
(isentropic) process, the The isentropic process appears as a
entropy remains constant. vertical line segment on a T-s diagram.
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PROPERTY DIAGRAMS INVOLVING ENTROPY
On a T-S
diagram, the
area under the
process curve
represents the
heat transfer for
internally
reversible
processes.
For adiabatic steady-flow
devices, the vertical distance ∆h
on an h-s diagram is a measure
of work, and the horizontal
distance ∆s is a measure of
irreversibilities.
Mollier diagram: The h-s diagram
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ENTROPY BALANCE
Entropy Change of a
System, ∆Ssystem
When the properties of the
system are not uniform
Energy and entropy
balances for a system.
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Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout
1 Heat Transfer
Entropy transfer by heat transfer:
Entropy transfer by work:
Heat transfer is always accompanied by
entropy transfer in the amount of Q/T,
where T is the boundary temperature.
No entropy accompanies work as it crosses
the system boundary. But entropy may be
generated within the system as work is
dissipated into a less useful form of energy. 22
