AURORA HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH ACADEMY

Deemed-to-be University
(Estd. u/s. 03 of UGC Act 1956)
Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana - 500 098.
www.aurora.edu.in
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Course Name:
Year:
BASIC Corse Code:
F. Y. B. Tech
ELECTRICAL EE101
(AIML/CSE(DS))
ENGINEERING

Dr. Rajashekher Koyyeda

M. Tech ,Ph. D

Associate Professor 1
Module.03 AC Fundamentals

Faraday’s Laws, Lenz’s Law, Fleming Right Hand Rule ,Fleming

Left Hand Rule,
Generation Of Sinusoidal Voltage, RMS Value
Average Value, Form Factor, Peak Factor.

No of Lectures : 03 hrs
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 Module.03 AC Fundamentals
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:

FIRST LAW: Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an EMF is induced

in that conductor.

SECOND LAW: The magnitude of the induced EMF is directly proportional

to the rate of change of flux linked with the conductor.

The two types of EMF induced are:

i) Dynamically induced EMF

ii) Statically induced EMF

Dynamically Induced EMF :Moving a coil/conductor in a uniform

magnetic field will induce an EMF which is known as dynamically induced
EMF. Generators work on this principle. Consider a conductor of length l
(meters) placed in a uniform magnetic field of density B(wb/m²), moved
with a velocity V(m/s) perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
Then the flux is cut by the conductor and an EMF is induced.

The magnitude of EMF induced e is e = BlV sinθ 3

 Module.03 AC Fundamentals

 Statically Induced Emf :By keeping a conductor or coil in statically and

varying the magnetic field will induce an EMF in the conductor or coil which
is statically induced EMF . Statically induced EMF can be classified as self
inductance and mutual inductance.
(a) Self Induction :

 This is the EMF induced in a coil due to the change of its own flux linked with
it.
If current through the coil is changed, then the flux linked with its own turns will
also change, which will produce self induced EMF .
The induced EMF is always opposite in direction to the applied EMF . 4
 Module.03 AC Fundamentals

(b) Mutual Induction:

 It is the ability of one coil to produce an EMF by induction. When the
current in the second coil changes, both coils are placed nearer.

 When two coils are placed nearer and current is passed through one of
the coil, magnetic flux will be produced which is common to both coils.
 When current through first coil is varied, the magnetic flux will vary,
which will induce an emf in second coil.
 LENZ’S LAW: A change in current produces an emf, whose direction is in
such a way that it opposes the change in current. 5
 Module.03 AC Fundamentals

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule :

 The direction of induced EMF in generators and alternators (Dynamically
induced emf) is known by Fleming’s Right hand rule.

 Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger mutually at right angles
[90°] to each other.
 If the thumb indicates the direction of motion of the conductor, the
forefinger indicates direction of the magnetic flux, then the middle finger
indicates the direction of the induced EMF. 6
 Module.03 AC Fundamentals

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule :

 The direction of induced EMF in Motors (Dynamically induced emf) is
known by Fleming’s Left hand rule.

 Keep the forefinger, middle finger and thumb of the left hand mutually
perpendicular to one another.
 If the forefinger indicates the direction of the magnetic field (B), the
middle finger indicates the direction of current (I) in the conductor, and
the thumb points to the direction of motion (F) of the conductor.. 7
 Module.03 AC Fundamentals

Generation of Sinusoidal Voltage: A wave form is a representation of

low alternating current (AC) that varies with time. The most familiar AC
waveform is the sine wave, which derives its name from the fact that the
current (or) voltage varies with the sine of the elapsed time.

In fig (a) A stationary magnetic field and rotating coil

In fig (b) A stationary coil andmagnetic field rotating

If a coil rotates in the magnetic

field or rotates inside the coil, there is an
alternating emf induced in the coil. The
generated alternating emf depends upon
the number of turns of coils, magnetic
field and the angle between the coil and
magnetic field.

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 Module.03 AC Fundamentals

Induced emf e = BlV sinθ

Where

B = flux density in weber/m² l = length of the conductor in meter

V = velocity of the conductor in meter/second

Ø = angle between magnetic field and conductor

In the figure above, a rectangular coil having ‘N’ turns

and rotating in counter clock wise direction in a uniform

magnetic field with an angular velocity of ‘ω’ radians/sec is shown

So, the generated A.C e.m.f. value is

also depends upon the value of the angle Fig.Rotating Coil in a Magnetic
Field

between the magnetic field and the coil.

The sine wave may be drawn by taking the Electro motive force in ‘Y’ axis

and time in ‘X’ axis. 9

 Module.03 AC Fundamentals

Fig Generation AC Waveform

 In above figure , a coil is rotating in a magnetic field in anti-clock wise
direction. Let us assume that the coil is in the position ‘O’. Now the angle
between the magnetic field and coil is zero. Then, the e.m.f in the coil is
also zero (ie, sin Ø = 0)
 Now the coil moves to the position ‘a’ and the angles between the
magnetic field and coil is Ѳ. Then, e.m.f. is equal to BlVsinθ
 Now the coil moves to the position ‘b’ and the angle between the
magnetic field and coil is 90°. Then sin 90 = 1. The emf is maximum. This
emf is called as positive maximum.
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 Module.03 AC Fundamentals

 Now the coil moves to the position ‘d’ and the angle between the
magnetic field and coil is zero. In this position emf is zero.
 Now the coil moves to the position ‘f’ the angle between magnetic field
and coil is 90o, sin 90 = 1 and the e.m.f is maximum in magnetic side, so
it is called as negative maximum.
 Now the conductor moves to the position ‘0’, the emf is zero.

 Similarly, the conductor rotates one revolution in the magnetic field. This

rotation produces the sine wave form.

a) Cycle: One complete set of positive and negative values of alternating

quantity is known as cycle. One complete cycle is said to spread over
360° or 2π radians.

b) Time Period: Time period is denoted by ‘T’. The time taken for any
wave to complete one full cycle is called the time period.

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 Module.03 AC Fundamentals

c) Frequency: The frequency of a wave is defined as the number of cycles

that a wave completes in one second. It is denoted by the letter ‘F’

and its unit is cycles/second or Hertz(Hz).

In India, the supply frequency is 50Hz. Frequency is calculated by

F = PN/120Hz Where

F = Frequency in Hertz P = Number of poles N = Revolution in r.p.m

d) Instantaneous Value: At any given time, it has some instantaneous

value. This value is different at different points along the waveform.
During

the positive and negative cycle, these values are positive and negative

respectively.

e) Peak Value: The peak value of the sine wave is the maximum value of
the wave during positive half cycle or negative half cycle.
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 Module.03 AC Fundamentals

f) Average Value: The average value of the sine wave is the ratio of total
area under the half-cycle curve to the distance of the curve

Average Value =Area under the Curve/Base Length

Average Value= 2Vm/ (or) 2 Im/ 

g) Effective Value or RMS Value: The value of an Alternating Current
(or)Voltage is equal to the square root of the arithmatic mean of the
squares
of the instantaneous values taken through one complete cycle.
R.M.S. Value = Im/√2 (or) Em/ √ 2
h) Form Factor: The ratio of r.m.s value to the average value of an
alternating quantity is known as form factor

Form factor = (R.M.S.Value)/(average value)= 1.11

i) Peak Factor: The ratio of maximum value to the r.m.s. value of an

alternating quantity is known is peak factor.

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Peak factor = (Max.Value)/(R.M.S. value)= 1.414
Thank
You 14