Class 9 Science - Chapter: Motion (Full Notes with Diagrams)
**Class 9 Science - Chapter: Motion (Full Notes with Diagrams)**
1. Rest and Motion
- Rest: An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to a reference point.
- Motion: An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to a reference point.
2. Reference Point
- A fixed point used to determine the position of an object.
- Example: A tree or a building can act as a reference point.
Diagram:
Initial Position (A) Object Final Position (B)
Reference Point (e.g., Tree)
3. Types of Motion
1. Linear (Translational) Motion: Movement along a straight line (e.g., car on a straight road).
2. Rotational Motion: Motion around a fixed axis (e.g., spinning fan).
3. Oscillatory Motion: To-and-fro motion (e.g., pendulum of a clock).
Diagram:
Linear Rotational Oscillatory
4. Physical Quantity
- Scalar Quantity: Only magnitude (e.g., distance, speed).
- Vector Quantity: Has both magnitude and direction (e.g., displacement, velocity).
5. Distance and Displacement
- Distance: Total path length travelled by an object. (Scalar)
- Displacement: Shortest distance between the initial and final position. (Vector)
Diagram:
Class 9 Science - Chapter: Motion (Full Notes with Diagrams)
A curved path B (Distance)
A ------------------ B (Displacement)
Difference:
| Distance | Displacement |
| Scalar quantity | Vector quantity |
| Always positive | Can be positive, negative or zero |
| Path dependent | Direction dependent |
6. Speed
- Definition: Rate of change of distance.
- Formula: Speed = Distance / Time
- Uniform Speed: Equal distance in equal time intervals.
- Non-uniform Speed: Unequal distance in equal time intervals.
- Average Speed = Total Distance / Total Time
Conversion of Speed:
- 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s
- 1 m/s = 18/5 km/h
7. Velocity
- Definition: Rate of change of displacement.
- Formula: Velocity = Displacement / Time
- Initial velocity (u): Velocity at the start.
- Final velocity (v): Velocity at the end.
- Average Velocity = (Initial Velocity + Final Velocity) / 2
- OR = Total Displacement / Total Time
8. Acceleration
- Definition: Rate of change of velocity.
- Formula: a = (v - u) / t
- Unit: m/s^2
Class 9 Science - Chapter: Motion (Full Notes with Diagrams)
- Retardation: Negative acceleration (velocity decreases).
9. Equations of Motion (for Uniform Acceleration)
1. v = u + at
2. s = ut + 1/2 at^2
3. v^2 = u^2 + 2as
Where:
u = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a = acceleration, s = displacement, t = time
Graphical Derivation Diagrams:
Velocity-Time Graph (Area under the graph = Displacement)
|| | |___\________________
10. Free Fall
- Motion of a body under gravity alone.
- Acceleration = g = 9.8 m/s^2 (downward)
- Equations under gravity: Replace a with g in equations of motion.
- For downward motion: a = +g
- For upward motion: a = -g
Diagram:
|^
| | (Upward)
| | (Downward)
|v
Ground
11. Circular Motion
- Motion in a circular path.
- Uniform Circular Motion: Constant speed, direction changes.
Class 9 Science - Chapter: Motion (Full Notes with Diagrams)
Angular Conversion:
- Angle in Radians = Length of arc / Radius
- 360 degrees = 2 radians
Diagram:
Radius = r
12. Formulas Summary
- Speed = Distance / Time
- Velocity = Displacement / Time
- Average Speed = Total Distance / Total Time
- Average Velocity = (u + v)/2
- Acceleration = (v - u)/t
- Equations of motion:
1. v = u + at
2. s = ut + 1/2 at^2
3. v^2 = u^2 + 2as
13. Practice Questions
1. A car travels 60 km in 2 hours. What is its speed?
2. A body moves 5 m north and then 5 m south. What is its distance and displacement?
3. A bus starts from rest and reaches 40 m/s in 10 s. What is its acceleration?
4. A ball is dropped from a height. Find its speed after 3 s (g = 9.8 m/s^2).
5. Derive the second equation of motion graphically.
6. An object moves in a circle with speed 10 m/s. Is it uniform motion? Explain.
