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chore: re-implement ESM support#16063

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SimenB merged 18 commits into
jestjs:mainfrom
SimenB:rework-esm-support
May 1, 2026
Merged

chore: re-implement ESM support#16063
SimenB merged 18 commits into
jestjs:mainfrom
SimenB:rework-esm-support

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@SimenB SimenB commented Apr 28, 2026

Summary

Re-implements ESM support on top of linkRequests and related APIs available in newer versions of node.

This implementation prefers the sync code paths for

  1. perf
  2. lay the groundwork for require(esm)

The legacy code paths are kept for backwards compat on older versions of node. Can be dropped either in next major or whenever we drop node older than 24.8

I am working on a version of this where jest-runtime is not 3.5k lines...

Test plan

Tests added to exercise the new code paths

Copilot AI review requested due to automatic review settings April 28, 2026 14:04
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// mocked spec, data: URI, wasm, core module): the caller falls back to the
// legacy async path. The local `scratch` map is committed to the registry
// only on success, so partial failures do not corrupt the cache.
private _tryLoadEsmGraphSync(
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there's a lot of copypasta here. but reusing code is a very noisy diff. Might do in a follow-up

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babel-jest

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babel-plugin-jest-hoist

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babel-preset-jest

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create-jest

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@jest/diff-sequences

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expect

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@jest/expect-utils

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jest

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jest-changed-files

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jest-circus

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jest-cli

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jest-config

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@jest/console

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@jest/core

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@jest/create-cache-key-function

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jest-diff

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jest-docblock

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jest-each

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@jest/environment

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jest-environment-jsdom

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@jest/environment-jsdom-abstract

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jest-environment-node

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@jest/expect

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@jest/fake-timers

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@jest/get-type

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@jest/globals

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jest-haste-map

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jest-jasmine2

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jest-leak-detector

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jest-matcher-utils

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jest-message-util

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jest-mock

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@jest/pattern

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jest-phabricator

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jest-resolve

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commit: 5b60b5c

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Pull request overview

Re-implements Jest ESM loading to take advantage of Node v24.9+ vm.SourceTextModule APIs (moduleRequests, linkRequests, instantiate) to prefer synchronous graph construction/linking/evaluation, while retaining the legacy async path for older Node versions.

Changes:

  • Add a sync-first ESM graph loader (_tryLoadEsmGraphSync) and supporting helpers for resolving/building modules in a fully synchronous import graph.
  • Refactor shared ESM module construction logic (data URI parsing, JSON/core/CJS-as-ESM/wasm SyntheticModule builders, shared dynamic-import callback).
  • Add a new e2e fixture + test to validate sync linking correctness for a diamond + cycle ESM graph on Node >=24.9, and update the changelog.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 8 out of 8 changed files in this pull request and generated 6 comments.

Show a summary per file
File Description
packages/jest-runtime/src/index.ts Implements the new sync ESM graph loader and refactors shared ESM helpers (data URI/wasm/core/CJS-as-ESM/globals).
e2e/native-esm-sync-linker/package.json Adds an ESM e2e fixture config (Node env, no transforms).
e2e/native-esm-sync-linker/a.mjs Fixture module for diamond + cycle import graph.
e2e/native-esm-sync-linker/b.mjs Fixture module for diamond graph branch.
e2e/native-esm-sync-linker/c.mjs Fixture module closing the cycle and exposing a getter to validate live bindings.
e2e/native-esm-sync-linker/tests/sync-linker.test.js E2E test within the fixture asserting graph evaluation correctness.
e2e/tests/nativeEsmSyncLinker.test.ts Runner that executes the new fixture on Node >=24.9.
CHANGELOG.md Adds a changelog entry for the new Node v24.9+ sync linker behavior.

Comment thread packages/jest-runtime/src/index.ts Outdated
Comment thread packages/jest-runtime/src/index.ts
Comment thread packages/jest-runtime/src/index.ts Outdated
Comment thread packages/jest-runtime/src/index.ts Outdated
Comment thread CHANGELOG.md Outdated
Comment thread packages/jest-runtime/src/index.ts
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Pull request overview

Copilot reviewed 12 out of 12 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Comment thread packages/jest-resolve/src/resolver.ts
Comment thread packages/jest-runtime/src/index.ts
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Pull request overview

Copilot reviewed 15 out of 15 changed files in this pull request and generated 1 comment.

Comment thread packages/jest-runtime/src/index.ts
@SimenB SimenB merged commit e38c142 into jestjs:main May 1, 2026
5 of 6 checks passed
@SimenB SimenB deleted the rework-esm-support branch May 1, 2026 08:28
renovate Bot added a commit to andrei-picus-tink/auto-renovate that referenced this pull request May 8, 2026
| datasource | package | from   | to     |
| ---------- | ------- | ------ | ------ |
| npm        | jest    | 30.3.0 | 30.4.0 |


## [v30.4.0](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#3040)

##### Features

- `[babel-jest]` Support collecting coverage from `.mts`, `.cts` (and other) files ([#15994](jestjs/jest#15994))
- `[jest-circus, jest-cli, jest-config, jest-core, jest-jasmine2, jest-types]` Add `--collect-tests` flag to discover and list tests without executing them ([#16006](jestjs/jest#16006))
- `[jest-config, jest-runner, jest-worker]` Add `workerGracefulExitTimeout` config option to control how long workers are given to exit before being force-killed ([#15984](jestjs/jest#15984))
- `[jest-config]` Add support for `jest.config.mts` as a valid configuration file ([#16005](jestjs/jest#16005))
- `[jest-config, jest-core, jest-reporters, jest-runner]` `verbose` and `silent` can now be set per-project; the project-level value overrides the global value for that project's tests ([#16133](jestjs/jest#16133))
- `[@jest/fake-timers]` Accept `Temporal.Duration` in `jest.advanceTimersByTime()` and `jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync()` ([#16128](jestjs/jest#16128))
- `[@jest/fake-timers]` Accept `Temporal.Instant` and `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` in `jest.setSystemTime()` and `useFakeTimers({now})` ([#16128](jestjs/jest#16128))
- `[@jest/fake-timers]` Support faking `Temporal.Now.*` ([#16131](jestjs/jest#16131))
- `[jest-mock]` Add `clearMocksOnScope(scope)` on `ModuleMocker` for clearing every mock function exposed on a scope object ([#16088](jestjs/jest#16088))
- `[jest-resolve]` Add `canResolveSync()` on `Resolver` so callers can detect when a user-configured resolver only exports an `async` hook ([#16064](jestjs/jest#16064))
- `[jest-runtime]` Use synchronous `evaluate()` for ES modules without top-level `await` on Node versions that support it (v24.9+), and prefer the synchronous transform path when a sync transformer is configured ([#16062](jestjs/jest#16062))
- `[jest-runtime]` Support `require()` of ES modules on Node v24.9+ ([#16074](jestjs/jest#16074))
- `[jest-runtime]` Validate TC39 import attributes (`with { type: 'json' }`) on ESM imports ([#16127](jestjs/jest#16127))
- `[@jest/transform]` Add `canTransformSync(filename)` on `ScriptTransformer` so callers can pick the sync vs async transform path ([#16062](jestjs/jest#16062))
- `[jest-util]` Add `isError` helper ([#16076](jestjs/jest#16076))
- `[pretty-format]` Support React 19 ([#16123](jestjs/jest#16123))

##### Fixes

- `[expect-utils]` Fix `toStrictEqual` failing on `structuredClone` results due to cross-realm constructor mismatch ([#15959](jestjs/jest#15959))
- `[@jest/expect-utils]` Prevent `toMatchObject`/subset matching from throwing when encountering exotic iterables ([#15952](jestjs/jest#15952))
- `[fake-timers]` Convert `Date` to milliseconds before passing to `@sinonjs/fake-timers` ([#16029](jestjs/jest#16029))
- `[jest]` Export `GlobalConfig` and `ProjectConfig` TypeScript types ([#16132](jestjs/jest#16132))
- `[jest-circus]` Prevent crash when `asyncError` is undefined for non-Error throws ([#16003](jestjs/jest#16003))
- `[jest-circus, jest-jasmine2]` Include `Error.cause` in JSON `failureMessages` output ([#15967](jestjs/jest#15967))
- `[jest-config]` Fix preset path resolution on Windows when the preset uses subpath `exports` ([#15961](jestjs/jest#15961))
- `[jest-config]` Allow `collectCoverage` and `coverageProvider` in project config without a validation warning ([#16132](jestjs/jest#16132))
- `[jest-config]` Project config validator now emits "is not supported in an individual project configuration" instead of "probably a typing mistake" for known global-only options ([#16132](jestjs/jest#16132))
- `[jest-environment-node]` Fix `--localstorage-file` warning on Node 25+ ([#16086](jestjs/jest#16086))
- `[jest-reporters]` Apply global coverage threshold to unmatched pattern files in addition to glob/path thresholds ([#16137](jestjs/jest#16137))
- `[jest-reporters, jest-runner, jest-runtime, jest-transform]` Fix coverage report not showing correct code coverage when using `projects` config option ([#16140](jestjs/jest#16140))
- `[jest-runtime]` Resolve `expect` and `@jest/expect` from the internal module registry so test-file imports share the same `JestAssertionError` as the global `expect` ([#16130](jestjs/jest#16130))
- `[jest-runtime]` Improve CJS-from-ESM interop: `__esModule`/Babel default unwrap, broader named-export coverage, and shared CJS singleton across importers ([#16050](jestjs/jest#16050))
- `[jest-runtime]` Load `.js` files with ESM syntax but no `"type":"module"` marker as native ESM ([#16050](jestjs/jest#16050))
- `[jest-runtime]` Extend the `.js`-with-ESM-syntax fallback to `require()` on Node v24.9+ - falls back to `require(esm)` when the CJS parser rejects ESM syntax ([#16078](jestjs/jest#16078))
- `[jest-runtime]` Fix deadlocks and double-evaluation in concurrent ESM and wasm imports ([#16050](jestjs/jest#16050))
- `[jest-runtime]` Fix error when `require()` is called after the Jest environment has been torn down ([#15951](jestjs/jest#15951))
- `[jest-runtime]` Fix missing error when `import()` is called after the Jest environment has been torn down ([#16080](jestjs/jest#16080))
- `[jest-runtime]` Fix virtual `unstable_mockModule` registrations not respected in ESM ([#16081](jestjs/jest#16081))
- `[jest-runtime]` Apply `moduleNameMapper` when resolving modules with `require.resolve()` and the `paths` option ([#16135](jestjs/jest#16135))

##### Chore & Maintenance

- `[@jest/fake-timers]` Upgrade `@sinonjs/fake-timers` ([#16139](jestjs/jest#16139))
- `[jest-runtime]` Use synchronous `linkRequests` / `instantiate` for ESM linking on Node v24.9+ ([#16063](jestjs/jest#16063))
renovate Bot added a commit to andrei-picus-tink/auto-renovate that referenced this pull request May 10, 2026
| datasource | package | from   | to     |
| ---------- | ------- | ------ | ------ |
| npm        | jest    | 30.3.0 | 30.4.2 |


## [v30.4.2](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#3042)

##### Fixes

- `[jest-runtime]` Fix named imports from CJS modules whose `module.exports` is a function with own-property exports ([#16150](jestjs/jest#16150))


## [v30.4.1](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#3041)

##### Features

- `[jest-config, jest-core, jest-runner, jest-schemas, jest-types]` Allow custom runner configuration options via tuple format `['runner-path', {options}]` ([#16141](jestjs/jest#16141))

##### Fixes

- `[jest-runtime]` Align CJS-from-ESM default export with Node: `module.exports` is always the ESM default, `__esModule` unwrapping is no longer applied ([#16143](jestjs/jest#16143))


## [v30.4.0](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#3040)

##### Features

- `[babel-jest]` Support collecting coverage from `.mts`, `.cts` (and other) files ([#15994](jestjs/jest#15994))
- `[jest-circus, jest-cli, jest-config, jest-core, jest-jasmine2, jest-types]` Add `--collect-tests` flag to discover and list tests without executing them ([#16006](jestjs/jest#16006))
- `[jest-config, jest-runner, jest-worker]` Add `workerGracefulExitTimeout` config option to control how long workers are given to exit before being force-killed ([#15984](jestjs/jest#15984))
- `[jest-config]` Add support for `jest.config.mts` as a valid configuration file ([#16005](jestjs/jest#16005))
- `[jest-config, jest-core, jest-reporters, jest-runner]` `verbose` and `silent` can now be set per-project; the project-level value overrides the global value for that project's tests ([#16133](jestjs/jest#16133))
- `[@jest/fake-timers]` Accept `Temporal.Duration` in `jest.advanceTimersByTime()` and `jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync()` ([#16128](jestjs/jest#16128))
- `[@jest/fake-timers]` Accept `Temporal.Instant` and `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` in `jest.setSystemTime()` and `useFakeTimers({now})` ([#16128](jestjs/jest#16128))
- `[@jest/fake-timers]` Support faking `Temporal.Now.*` ([#16131](jestjs/jest#16131))
- `[jest-mock]` Add `clearMocksOnScope(scope)` on `ModuleMocker` for clearing every mock function exposed on a scope object ([#16088](jestjs/jest#16088))
- `[jest-resolve]` Add `canResolveSync()` on `Resolver` so callers can detect when a user-configured resolver only exports an `async` hook ([#16064](jestjs/jest#16064))
- `[jest-runtime]` Use synchronous `evaluate()` for ES modules without top-level `await` on Node versions that support it (v24.9+), and prefer the synchronous transform path when a sync transformer is configured ([#16062](jestjs/jest#16062))
- `[jest-runtime]` Support `require()` of ES modules on Node v24.9+ ([#16074](jestjs/jest#16074))
- `[jest-runtime]` Validate TC39 import attributes (`with { type: 'json' }`) on ESM imports ([#16127](jestjs/jest#16127))
- `[@jest/transform]` Add `canTransformSync(filename)` on `ScriptTransformer` so callers can pick the sync vs async transform path ([#16062](jestjs/jest#16062))
- `[jest-util]` Add `isError` helper ([#16076](jestjs/jest#16076))
- `[pretty-format]` Support React 19 ([#16123](jestjs/jest#16123))

##### Fixes

- `[expect-utils]` Fix `toStrictEqual` failing on `structuredClone` results due to cross-realm constructor mismatch ([#15959](jestjs/jest#15959))
- `[@jest/expect-utils]` Prevent `toMatchObject`/subset matching from throwing when encountering exotic iterables ([#15952](jestjs/jest#15952))
- `[fake-timers]` Convert `Date` to milliseconds before passing to `@sinonjs/fake-timers` ([#16029](jestjs/jest#16029))
- `[jest]` Export `GlobalConfig` and `ProjectConfig` TypeScript types ([#16132](jestjs/jest#16132))
- `[jest-circus]` Prevent crash when `asyncError` is undefined for non-Error throws ([#16003](jestjs/jest#16003))
- `[jest-circus, jest-jasmine2]` Include `Error.cause` in JSON `failureMessages` output ([#15967](jestjs/jest#15967))
- `[jest-config]` Fix preset path resolution on Windows when the preset uses subpath `exports` ([#15961](jestjs/jest#15961))
- `[jest-config]` Allow `collectCoverage` and `coverageProvider` in project config without a validation warning ([#16132](jestjs/jest#16132))
- `[jest-config]` Project config validator now emits "is not supported in an individual project configuration" instead of "probably a typing mistake" for known global-only options ([#16132](jestjs/jest#16132))
- `[jest-environment-node]` Fix `--localstorage-file` warning on Node 25+ ([#16086](jestjs/jest#16086))
- `[jest-reporters]` Apply global coverage threshold to unmatched pattern files in addition to glob/path thresholds ([#16137](jestjs/jest#16137))
- `[jest-reporters, jest-runner, jest-runtime, jest-transform]` Fix coverage report not showing correct code coverage when using `projects` config option ([#16140](jestjs/jest#16140))
- `[jest-runtime]` Resolve `expect` and `@jest/expect` from the internal module registry so test-file imports share the same `JestAssertionError` as the global `expect` ([#16130](jestjs/jest#16130))
- `[jest-runtime]` Improve CJS-from-ESM interop: `__esModule`/Babel default unwrap, broader named-export coverage, and shared CJS singleton across importers ([#16050](jestjs/jest#16050))
- `[jest-runtime]` Load `.js` files with ESM syntax but no `"type":"module"` marker as native ESM ([#16050](jestjs/jest#16050))
- `[jest-runtime]` Extend the `.js`-with-ESM-syntax fallback to `require()` on Node v24.9+ - falls back to `require(esm)` when the CJS parser rejects ESM syntax ([#16078](jestjs/jest#16078))
- `[jest-runtime]` Fix deadlocks and double-evaluation in concurrent ESM and wasm imports ([#16050](jestjs/jest#16050))
- `[jest-runtime]` Fix error when `require()` is called after the Jest environment has been torn down ([#15951](jestjs/jest#15951))
- `[jest-runtime]` Fix missing error when `import()` is called after the Jest environment has been torn down ([#16080](jestjs/jest#16080))
- `[jest-runtime]` Fix virtual `unstable_mockModule` registrations not respected in ESM ([#16081](jestjs/jest#16081))
- `[jest-runtime]` Apply `moduleNameMapper` when resolving modules with `require.resolve()` and the `paths` option ([#16135](jestjs/jest#16135))

##### Chore & Maintenance

- `[@jest/fake-timers]` Upgrade `@sinonjs/fake-timers` ([#16139](jestjs/jest#16139))
- `[jest-runtime]` Use synchronous `linkRequests` / `instantiate` for ESM linking on Node v24.9+ ([#16063](jestjs/jest#16063))
renovate Bot added a commit to andrei-picus-tink/auto-renovate that referenced this pull request May 10, 2026
| datasource | package | from   | to     |
| ---------- | ------- | ------ | ------ |
| npm        | jest    | 30.3.0 | 30.4.2 |


## [v30.4.2](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#3042)

##### Fixes

- `[jest-runtime]` Fix named imports from CJS modules whose `module.exports` is a function with own-property exports ([#16150](jestjs/jest#16150))


## [v30.4.1](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#3041)

##### Features

- `[jest-config, jest-core, jest-runner, jest-schemas, jest-types]` Allow custom runner configuration options via tuple format `['runner-path', {options}]` ([#16141](jestjs/jest#16141))

##### Fixes

- `[jest-runtime]` Align CJS-from-ESM default export with Node: `module.exports` is always the ESM default, `__esModule` unwrapping is no longer applied ([#16143](jestjs/jest#16143))


## [v30.4.0](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#3040)

##### Features

- `[babel-jest]` Support collecting coverage from `.mts`, `.cts` (and other) files ([#15994](jestjs/jest#15994))
- `[jest-circus, jest-cli, jest-config, jest-core, jest-jasmine2, jest-types]` Add `--collect-tests` flag to discover and list tests without executing them ([#16006](jestjs/jest#16006))
- `[jest-config, jest-runner, jest-worker]` Add `workerGracefulExitTimeout` config option to control how long workers are given to exit before being force-killed ([#15984](jestjs/jest#15984))
- `[jest-config]` Add support for `jest.config.mts` as a valid configuration file ([#16005](jestjs/jest#16005))
- `[jest-config, jest-core, jest-reporters, jest-runner]` `verbose` and `silent` can now be set per-project; the project-level value overrides the global value for that project's tests ([#16133](jestjs/jest#16133))
- `[@jest/fake-timers]` Accept `Temporal.Duration` in `jest.advanceTimersByTime()` and `jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync()` ([#16128](jestjs/jest#16128))
- `[@jest/fake-timers]` Accept `Temporal.Instant` and `Temporal.ZonedDateTime` in `jest.setSystemTime()` and `useFakeTimers({now})` ([#16128](jestjs/jest#16128))
- `[@jest/fake-timers]` Support faking `Temporal.Now.*` ([#16131](jestjs/jest#16131))
- `[jest-mock]` Add `clearMocksOnScope(scope)` on `ModuleMocker` for clearing every mock function exposed on a scope object ([#16088](jestjs/jest#16088))
- `[jest-resolve]` Add `canResolveSync()` on `Resolver` so callers can detect when a user-configured resolver only exports an `async` hook ([#16064](jestjs/jest#16064))
- `[jest-runtime]` Use synchronous `evaluate()` for ES modules without top-level `await` on Node versions that support it (v24.9+), and prefer the synchronous transform path when a sync transformer is configured ([#16062](jestjs/jest#16062))
- `[jest-runtime]` Support `require()` of ES modules on Node v24.9+ ([#16074](jestjs/jest#16074))
- `[jest-runtime]` Validate TC39 import attributes (`with { type: 'json' }`) on ESM imports ([#16127](jestjs/jest#16127))
- `[@jest/transform]` Add `canTransformSync(filename)` on `ScriptTransformer` so callers can pick the sync vs async transform path ([#16062](jestjs/jest#16062))
- `[jest-util]` Add `isError` helper ([#16076](jestjs/jest#16076))
- `[pretty-format]` Support React 19 ([#16123](jestjs/jest#16123))

##### Fixes

- `[expect-utils]` Fix `toStrictEqual` failing on `structuredClone` results due to cross-realm constructor mismatch ([#15959](jestjs/jest#15959))
- `[@jest/expect-utils]` Prevent `toMatchObject`/subset matching from throwing when encountering exotic iterables ([#15952](jestjs/jest#15952))
- `[fake-timers]` Convert `Date` to milliseconds before passing to `@sinonjs/fake-timers` ([#16029](jestjs/jest#16029))
- `[jest]` Export `GlobalConfig` and `ProjectConfig` TypeScript types ([#16132](jestjs/jest#16132))
- `[jest-circus]` Prevent crash when `asyncError` is undefined for non-Error throws ([#16003](jestjs/jest#16003))
- `[jest-circus, jest-jasmine2]` Include `Error.cause` in JSON `failureMessages` output ([#15967](jestjs/jest#15967))
- `[jest-config]` Fix preset path resolution on Windows when the preset uses subpath `exports` ([#15961](jestjs/jest#15961))
- `[jest-config]` Allow `collectCoverage` and `coverageProvider` in project config without a validation warning ([#16132](jestjs/jest#16132))
- `[jest-config]` Project config validator now emits "is not supported in an individual project configuration" instead of "probably a typing mistake" for known global-only options ([#16132](jestjs/jest#16132))
- `[jest-environment-node]` Fix `--localstorage-file` warning on Node 25+ ([#16086](jestjs/jest#16086))
- `[jest-reporters]` Apply global coverage threshold to unmatched pattern files in addition to glob/path thresholds ([#16137](jestjs/jest#16137))
- `[jest-reporters, jest-runner, jest-runtime, jest-transform]` Fix coverage report not showing correct code coverage when using `projects` config option ([#16140](jestjs/jest#16140))
- `[jest-runtime]` Resolve `expect` and `@jest/expect` from the internal module registry so test-file imports share the same `JestAssertionError` as the global `expect` ([#16130](jestjs/jest#16130))
- `[jest-runtime]` Improve CJS-from-ESM interop: `__esModule`/Babel default unwrap, broader named-export coverage, and shared CJS singleton across importers ([#16050](jestjs/jest#16050))
- `[jest-runtime]` Load `.js` files with ESM syntax but no `"type":"module"` marker as native ESM ([#16050](jestjs/jest#16050))
- `[jest-runtime]` Extend the `.js`-with-ESM-syntax fallback to `require()` on Node v24.9+ - falls back to `require(esm)` when the CJS parser rejects ESM syntax ([#16078](jestjs/jest#16078))
- `[jest-runtime]` Fix deadlocks and double-evaluation in concurrent ESM and wasm imports ([#16050](jestjs/jest#16050))
- `[jest-runtime]` Fix error when `require()` is called after the Jest environment has been torn down ([#15951](jestjs/jest#15951))
- `[jest-runtime]` Fix missing error when `import()` is called after the Jest environment has been torn down ([#16080](jestjs/jest#16080))
- `[jest-runtime]` Fix virtual `unstable_mockModule` registrations not respected in ESM ([#16081](jestjs/jest#16081))
- `[jest-runtime]` Apply `moduleNameMapper` when resolving modules with `require.resolve()` and the `paths` option ([#16135](jestjs/jest#16135))

##### Chore & Maintenance

- `[@jest/fake-timers]` Upgrade `@sinonjs/fake-timers` ([#16139](jestjs/jest#16139))
- `[jest-runtime]` Use synchronous `linkRequests` / `instantiate` for ESM linking on Node v24.9+ ([#16063](jestjs/jest#16063))
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